Brief Response What reasons did America’s leaders and people have for turning to imperialism? Political: – Political and military rivalry with other imperialist powers – Construction of a modern naval fleet – Strategic bases to protect from other imperialists. Economic: – Foreign trade – Unemployment – Economic depression – Competition among industrial nations Cultural: – Social Darwinism – Anglo-Saxon superiority – Impulse to spread Christianity

Acquiring New Lands; America as a World Power p. 352, 359

Today’s goal The US became deeply involved in the affairs of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, and China. Some Americans opposed US Imperialism while most supported it. Theodore Roosevelt used his presidency to promote American power around the world. Woodrow Wilson’s “missionary” diplomacy ensured US dominance in Latin America.

Foraker Act 1900, Congressional law ending military rule of Puerto Rico and setting up a civil government. US would appoint the governor and upper house legislators. – Puerto Ricans could only elect the lower house. Later: 1901, Insular Cases—Supreme Court rules constitutional rights do NOT automatically apply to people in acquired territories. 1917, citizenship granted to Puerto Ricans. Both legislative houses elected by Puerto Ricans.

Platt Amendment 1900, US insisted Cubans add some rules to their new constitution: – Cuba could not make treaties that might limit it independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory. – The US reserved the right to INTERVENE in Cuba. – Cuba was not to go into debt. – The United States could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations. EC: That is why the US still holds the naval base at _____________________. Guantanamo

ratify To make valid by approving. Cuba reluctantly ratified their constitution with the Platt Amendment included, essentially becoming a protectorate of the US.

protectorate An “independent” country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Cuba was effectively a US protectorate, even though the US said it was completely independent.

Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino leader. Led a rebellion against the United States when it became clear the Philippines would not get its promised independence, in 1899.

John Hay US Secretary of State under Theodore Roosevelt. Concerned that US traders were being shut out of China trade by other Imperialist powers.

Open Door notes 1899, John Hay issues these policy notes to the other Imperialist powers: Nations should share their trading rights with the United States. – = “open door” – No single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China. To avoid possible problems with the US, the other Imperialist powers agree.

Boxer Rebellion 1900, Chinese rebels, called “Boxers” by Westerners, rose up to drive out the “foreign devils”. – They killed hundreds of missionaries and their converts. The Imperialists—including Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the US—sent in troops and put down the rebellion. Hay issued his second open door notes: – the US will “safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.”

Martial arts Combat or self-defense arts that originated in East Asia, such as judo, karate, kung fu, etc. Highly disciplined Chinese secret societies used styles like kung fu against the West. We had the USMC and USN…..

EC Make a better film, using the same music, John Phillip Sousa’s Semper Fidelis, Use historical pictures covering all the Corp’s history from the American Revolution to the present. – Make sure pictures are about the Marines, though it can include other branches of the military so long as Marines are also in them. – Make sure pictures are good quality. – Have a title with the proper credits to yourself and Mr. Sousa – 30 points. This is a nice video dedicated to the Marine Corps, the force used most by the United States when it invaded most nations in its imperialist era. – But it has a very narrow focus: modern USMC.USMC – Due: in three school weeks from this lesson.

Panama Canal 1903, Roosevelt and Congress buy a French project in Panama for $40 million. Colombia actually owned the territory and would not cooperate. – Roosevelt had agents help Panamanian rebels get their province free from Colombia. The new Panamanian government signed a treaty regarding the canal lands: – $10 million up-front payment – Annual rent of $250,000 In 1914, the canal opened for business.

corollary An additional statement that follows logically from a previous statement. The Roosevelt Corollary is a logical continuation of the previous Monroe Doctrine.

Roosevelt Corollary In 1904, Theodore Roosevelt stated that the US would not just prevent foreign powers from attempting further colonization in Latin America (Monroe Doctrine), but: He warned that disorder IN Latin America might “force the US…..to the exercise of an international POLICE power” to protect its economic interests. “speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far!” – Roosevelt meant that the US should always negotiate in a friendly manner with other nations, but also have the military force necessary to ensure the other nation(s) agree.

Dollar diplomacy Under the Taft administration, the US developed the policy of using the US government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesses.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa Northern Mexican rebel leader against the dictator, Venustiano Carranza. Disappointed when US would not help and actually recognized Carranza’s government. Villa began attacking Americans who helped Carranza. He also raided New Mexico to rob banks for money.

Emiliano Zapata Southern Mexican rebel leader against Carranza’s government. Supported land reform (land from wealthy given to peasant families) “It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees!”

John J. Pershing US general commanding army forces sent into Mexico to capture “Pancho” Villa in Failed after two years. Mexicans, including Carranza, wanted US out. US finally left when WWI was declared. Pershing would head US Expeditionary Forces in Europe against Germany.

hwk

p. 353, analyzing issues Puerto Rico was strategically important to the United States: for maintaining a presence in the Caribbean for protecting a future canal that American leaders wanted to build across the Isthmus of Panama.

p. 354, analyzing political cartoons 1. bill of fare: Cuba steak, Porto Rico pig, Philippine Floating islands, Sandwich (Hawai’i) Islands 2. The waiter portrays William McKinley 3. Uncle Sam’s attitude seems to be that he can have the pick of anything on the menu.

p. 355, contrasting Filipinos wanted independence The US wanted to govern and exploit the islands.

p. 356, geography skillbuilder 1. Pearl Harbor lies on the Hawai’ian Islands 2. Mediator: – The Algeciras and Congo conferences. Status: – It shows the growing power and prestige of the US, because other powerful nations chose the US to help settle their disputes.

356, analyzing causes To protect American access to Chinese markets. To help maintain the “independence” of China.

p. 358, 3, evaluating Harm The people of the island were unable to choose their own government Help The island fell under the protection of the US government Yes Because the US protected Puerto Rico from the rule of foreign power and harsh dictators No Because the people of Puerto Rico were not granted self- government.

p. 358, 4, comparing The US annexed the Philippines but only wanted access to trade with China. The US goal in China was to get the same rights as other trading nations. The annexation of China was never a goal.

p. 358, 5, analyzing issues The US government believed it had the right to intervene to keep foreign markets open to the United States. The Open Door notes were a non-military attempt to get trading rights in China.

p. 360, analyzing effects Japan received half of Sakhalin Island, but no cash payments. Russia agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea. In future years the two nations continued diplomatic talks. Roosevelt won the 1908 Nobel Peace Prize.

p. 361, identifying problems Builders fought diseases and the difficult removal of soft volcanic soil. They also had to clear brush and drain swamps.

p. 362, analyzing political cartoons 1. Roosevelt is portrayed as a giant carrying an enormous stick. The contrast his size and the size of the other people he’s policing suggests his exaggerated power. 2. “The World Constable” or “Policeman of the World” are good titles because Roosevelt is acting as a policeman, separating Europe and Latin America.

p. 363, analyzing motives Wilson was following his policy of missionary diplomacy. He considered Huerta a murderer because Huerta had ordered rebel leader and democratically elected president, Francisco Madero, executed.

p. 364, history through art Orozco shows all the Zapatistas compressed, all with the same outline, shape, and body direction—moving forward. The bold landscape and striking colors show strength.

p. 365, 2, taking notes Roosevelt Helped mediate the settlement of the Russo- Japanese War Launched construction of the Panama Canal Formulated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Wilson Formulated “missionary diplomacy” Ordered US occupation of Veracruz. Sent General Pershing and expeditionary forces to pursue Pancho Villa in Mexico.

p. 365, 3, comparing and contrasting Both were foreign policies that broadened the Monroe Doctrine and addressed potentially dangerous situations in Latin America. The “Big Stick” policy cast the US role of international police officer and had an economic focus. “Missionary diplomacy” cast the US in the role of judge and had a moral tone.

p. 365, 4, evaluating decisions Yes, get involved The Roosevelt Corollary justified intervention. The US needed to protect its various economic interests in Latin America. The US felt morally bound to protect democracy in Latin America. No, don’t get involved The US belief in its own superiority let to the use of excessive military force against those countries. They had the right to choose their own governments.

p. 367, 1, analyzing patterns Use your text Ships leaving New York City would have to make the roughly 13,000-mile trip around the continent of South America in order to reach San Francisco. The route was considerably shortened by passage through the canal.

Brief Response How did American expansion and interference grow from Roosevelt to Wilson?

Today’s goal (review) The US became deeply involved in the affairs of Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, and China. Some Americans opposed US Imperialism while most supported it. Theodore Roosevelt used his presidency to promote American power around the world. Woodrow Wilson’s “missionary” diplomacy ensured US dominance in Latin America.