Ch. 29: World War I

Section 1: Marching Toward War 4 long-term causes

1. Nationalism -Devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation Led to increased competition Some groups wanted independence Ethnic Serbs in Austria-Hungary

2. Imperialism Empire building Colonies provided resources and markets More competition

3. Militarism Growth of 1. and 2. led to bigger militaries Militarism By Germany strongest British had strongest navy German Kaiser Wilhelm II builds up navy

4. Alliance System By defense alliances in Europe 1.Triple Entente- France, Britain, Russia 2.Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy

Assassination Leads to War Balkan Peninsula ◦“powder keg of Europe”

Sarajevo, Bosnia; June Archduke Franz Ferdinand Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

Assassination Leads to War Alliance system goes into affect Germany declares war on Russia and France Germany invades Belgium ◦Britain declares war on Germany and Austria- Hungary

Fighting Starts Schlieffen Plan Allies- Britain, France, Russia Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire By standstill

American Neutrality no reason to get involved Divided loyalties Economic ties Allies needed supplies from U.S.

America Gets Involved 2 major reasons 1.Ensure Allies could repay debts 2.Protect U.S. shipping from Germans

British Blockade Mined entire North Sea 750,000 Germans starved to death German counterblockade ◦U-boats ◦May 7, U-boat sinks British Lusitania ◦1,198 killed (128 Americans)

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare August British Arabic (2 Americans) March French Sussex Germany makes deal with U.S.

America Gets Involved Wilson called for “league for peace” January 31, Germany resumes unrestricted sub. warfare Zimmermann telegram Germany sinks 4 American merchant ships March Russian Revolution April U.S. declares war

Committee of Public Information Propaganda Promoted patriotism Increased hatred of certain ethnic groups

Anti-Immigrant Hysteria Germany and Austria-Hungary Anything German was bad and done away with “liberty measles” “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich” “Liberty cabbage” “Liberty pups”

American Troops Fight Russia out of war U.S. shifted balance ◦Allies go on offensive

End of the War November 3, 1918: Austria-Hungary surrenders German soldiers start mutiny Nov. 9- socialist leaders create German republic ◦Kaiser gives up throne

Armistice 11 th hour, 11 th day, 11 th month of 1918 ◦Germany agrees to cease-fire and signs truce to end war

The Final Toll 22 million ◦+half civilians 20 million wounded 10 million refugees $338 billion

Wilson’s Plan January, Versailles, France 14 Points ◦1-5: changes to prevent future war

14 Points 1. no secret treaties 2. Freedom of seas 3. Foster free trade 4. Reduce arms 5. Colonial policies should consider interests of colonial peoples

14 Points 6-13: changing boundaries ◦Self-determination 14: create international organization ◦League of Nations ◦Address diplomatic crises

Allied Response Allied leaders vengeful towards Germany Central Powers not at peace talks “Big Four”- U.S., Britain, France, Italy Allied rejected Wilson’s 14 Points

Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 Created 9 new nations ◦Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Shifted boundaries Ottoman Empire divided, given to Britain and France

Treaty of Versailles Germany can’t have army Give land back to France War reparations ◦$33 billion

Treaty of Versailles 3 big problems 1.Humiliated Germany ◦War-guilt clause ◦Couldn’t pay reparations 2.Russia excluded from peace talks ◦Wanted to regain lost territory 3.Ignored colonized peoples’ call for self- determination

Legacy Return to normalcy ◦Massive loss of life ◦Political instability/violence ◦Soviet Union established ◦Militant fascism grew in Italy, Spain, Germany

Legacy “the war to end all wars”