Beginning of WWI Imperialism - Building armies to protect colonies - Expanding empires causes conflict - Arms race in late 1800’s & early 1900’s to have biggest & best weapons Nationalism - Ethnic groups fighting to control themselves, Conflict within Austrian-Hungarian empire &Ottoman empire - Unifies other countries with prides in there own country Beliefs that they are better then other countries Industrialization - Creates more deadly war, more powerful weapons - Improved/quicker transportation of men & supplies - The beginning of the war machine Militarism - Glorification of military& war, War is heroic & glorious - Ignore the bad parts of war - Created by imperialism, our colonies gave us power System of Alliances - Before 1900 Germany makes alliances w/ all powers in Europe. Russia, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary - Kaiser Wilhelm ignores these alliances and continues to build army. 

Russia, Britain, and France Germany, Austria-Hungary fear Germany, band Vs. and Italy- Central powers- form treaties to protect Triple Alliance each other in war. Triple Entente or the Allied powers. Nationalism and the Balkans  Serbia, which borders Austria-Hungry, are made up of Slavic people, slavs.  There is also a large population of slavs in Southern Austria-Hungry around Sarajevo (city)  Serbian slaws want control of the Slavic areas in Austria Hungry  Russia also has a large Slavic population and vows to protect Serbia.

Assassination A member of a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand assassinates Archduke (prince) of Austria Frans Ferdinand. The Domino Effect Austria-Hungary blames Serbia. Serbia does not follow ultimatum which allows Austria- Hungary free reign in Serbia. A-H declares war on Serbia. Russia supports Serbis declares war on Russia  Central PowersAllied Powers  Austria- Hungry  war  Serbia  War Russia (mobilizes troops along German border)  Germany war (says remove troops)  Schlieffen plan- France  invades Belgium  War Belgium  War Britain ( joins to protect Belgium)  Italy – says treaty is  only for a defensive war Switches sides 9 months later

Western Front  Schlieffen plan- Attack France through Belgium, speed is utmost important, get rid of France before Russia can act.  TURNING POINT!!!!  Smashes Belgium and moves through France stopped outside of Paris in the battle of the Marne  Britain joins the war in defense of Belgium also forced to retreat.  TRENCH WARFARE- Both sides settle into trenches Eastern Front  Russia invades Germany  Not industrialized, no/ few modern weapons  Russia is destroyed at battle of Tannenburg  Russia continues to be defeated and pushed back  But it takes soldiers away from the western front

Major Battles and events Marne North of Paris the French stop the German advance and ruins the Schlieffen Plan. After this point the war becomes a stalemate and they dig into the Trenches. The front lines change little for the rest of the war. Verdun Place of Legendary battles, and importance, city surrounded by underground tunnels. German offensive goal to kill (attrition) not for land, to get other side to surrender because of high body count. Started with a heavy artillery attack, French and Germany forces clash after 9 months and 1 million dead or wounded nothing is accomplished.

Galipoli- The British (Australians) assault on a Turkish peninsula in an attempt to open the strait to the Black Sea and their ally the Russians for re-supply. British are unable to breach the high cliff and dig in at the beaches and get stuck in a stalemate. Lost 250,000 men and withdrew in Jan HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS -Both the Allied and Central Powers committed violations Armenian Genocide- mass murder of a group usually ethnic based. Muslim Turks force Christian Armenians in the north by the Russian border to leave their homes and then murdered them or left them to starve in the desert. 500,000 die

The World at War Central Powers = Triple Alliance Germany, Austria- Hungary Italy-----switched sides, promised - Ottoman Empire (Turkey) (Galipoli) - Bulgaria - over run by central powers- Serbia, Belgium, Rumania Allied Powers = Triple Entente Russia, Britain, France land in a defeated Austria - Greece - U.S. joins in Japan- wants to take control of German territory in China and southeast Asia - Colonies of Allied powers join the war- Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Australia, New Zealand, India (1.3 mil) and Africa send troops - Brazil

Entry of the United States  Sinking of the Lusitania angers Americans, Knowing that they were in danger Americans still boarded the ship.  US not really neutral, sell supplies to Britain and France  In 1917 Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany sinks 3 more American ships headed with supplies for Britain.  Zimmerman Note- Intercepted by the British- Asking Mexico to go to war against the U.S. with Germany and then Germany would help them re-conquer lost land  The U.S. joins the war on the side of the Allies in Their manpower and materials seals the fate of the Central Powers.  Wilson wants to make the world safe for Democracy

Russian Revolution  Russians were not doing well in the war. They were short on supplies, food and shelter on the front and at home.  March of 1917-Women’s parade turned into angry march on the palace demanding relief. When the soldiers were ordered to shoot on citizens they turned their guns on the officers.  The Czar abdicated and a socialist republic was put in place temporarily but they continued the war.  Nov. of Communism gained control under Lenin and promised to end the war. They signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending their involvement in the war not knowing what the consequences would be.

Total War New Weaponry- Poison Gas, Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane, Submarine, Artillery- changes warfare from side by side, hand to hand combat based on # of troops, to strategy of trenches and covered positions, one person can kill thousands if they are in the open.  Every part of the country was drawn into the war effort - almost every family lost loved ones to the war.  Governments control production and ration supplies so that all resources go to the war effort.  Women working in the factories, most importantly in ammunitions factories. As men marched off to battle women marched to work. Most women’s work opportunities disappear after the war.  Propaganda in the way of posters and announcements are used to influence public opinion about the war. The enemy are portrayed as evil and unhuman.  Lost Generation- Many of the men who fought felt as if it was for nothing. The idea of human and societies progress is destroyed. Their disillusionment comes out in art, music and literature.

End of the War  March, After Russia withdraws from the war Germany is able to move their entire army to the front. They launch the last offensive and are able to move towards Paris.  July, once again at the Marne the French launch a counter attack and with the help of 2 million fresh American troops are able to push the Germans back towards Germany.  Bulgaria and Turkey fall to the Allies first.  Nov- Austria-Hungarian and German governments are overthrown.  November 11th at the 11th hour the Armistice to end the war is signed.

The Paris Peace Conference- The Big Four- controlled by the four major allied powers U.S. Woodrow Wilson FrenchGeorge Clemenseau Great BritainDavid Lloyd George ItalyVittario Orlando  14 points- Wilson’s plan for lasting world peace. Formed on ideas of self- determination, allowing nations to choose their own governments, fixing borders according to nationalities and fairness to the defeated.  A Harsh Peace- The other countries wanted to make Germany pay for what had happened during the war and weaken its military so that it could not wage war again.  two different opinions create many arguments. Italy & the U.S. left the conference early. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, The treaty was designed to punish Germany.

Treaty of Versailles Major Provisions- –Lost all overseas colonial possessions –Severe restrictions placed on military –Forced to accept all blame for the war (war guilt clause) –Payment of money to allied nations (reparations) Separate treaties signed with each nation. Most nations lost significant amounts of territory. New countries were created:  From Austrian- Hungarian- Austria and Hungary separately, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, land to Romania  From Ottoman empire- Turkey, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon  From Russia- Romania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania  Originally this treaty was intended to create lasting peace in Europe. Has it done this? Why or why not? Include specific provision in your answer. pg 762