collection of compounds forming a living unit; smallest unit of an organism that can be considered living chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions smallest unit of matter that retains its chemical properties a substance made up of only one type of atom (periodic table of elements) bonding between atoms of 1 or more elements; smallest unit of a compound

e CHNOPS CarbonNitrogenOxygen PhosphorusSulfur Hydrogen

ORGANIC compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond (C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 ) INORGANIC compounds do not contain a carbon-hydrogen bonds (CO 2, H 2 O)

lipid carbohydrate protein nucleic acid water most important inorganic compound in living things most cellular processes take place in water solutions excellent solvent (substances dissolve in water) CO 2

are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1 (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen) Carbohydrates are made by plants (autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of energy come in two basic forms: monomers and polymers are made of monomers (building blocks) called monosaccharides

Glucose is a monosaccharide. C6C6 H 12 O6O6O6O6 Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily identified by their sweet taste. Other monosaccharides: fructose (fruit sugar) galactose (milk sugar). H CH2OHCH2OH O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH OHOH C C C C C Note the ring shape of the molecule.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (bread, cereals, and pastas) and cellulose (plant cell walls) are common sources of complex carbs. Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides. O CH2OHCH2OH H O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH CH2OHCH2OH H H H OHOH H O O O HH OHOH OHOH H H CH2OHCH2OH H O O H H H H OHOH OHOH OHOH H HH OHOH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? What are the functions of carbohydrates? Name examples of carbohydrates. monosaccharide (simple sugars) energy storage (short-term), structure or support glucose, starch, cellulose

function in hormones and cell membrane and for energy storage chemically diverse organic compounds examples: fats, oils, waxes contain C, H, O water insoluble classified as saturated or unsaturated glycerol also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C H C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C O O C H H O O C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H made up of glycerolfatty acidsand

What are the molecules that make up lipids? What are the functions of lipids? Name examples of lipids. glycerol and fatty acids energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones body fat, oils, waxes

Enzymes are proteins which function to control the rate of chemical reactions. complex organic compounds made up of amino acids, needed for the body to function properly examples: muscles, hair, cartilage, nails contain C, O, H, N and usually S image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program, 3D protein structure

an amino group are made up of and an “R” group which varies in the different amino acids a carboxyl group H H N C H R O OHOH C C H HH H H NC H O OHOH C C OHOH HH H H NC H O OHOH C Alanine Serine

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails image credit: U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program,

very large linear molecules examples: DNA and RNA contain C, H, N, O, P sugar phosphate nitrogen base nucleotide store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a N-base DNA molecule sugar phosphate nitrogen base

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? What are the functions of nucleic acids? Name examples of nucleic acid. nucleotides store genetic information, help to make proteins DNA, RNA What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base