WORLD HISTORY REVIEW

Absolutism absolute monarch – a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people

Glorious Revolution Parliament initiated a bloodless transfer of power from James II to his protestant daughter Mary and her husband William in 1688 was called the Glorious Revolution. The Glorious Revolution created a limited monarchy in England. Constitutional Monarchy- A form of government in which a king or queen acts as Head of State. The ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament, not with the Monarch.

The Enlightenment Was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The principal goals of Enlightenment thinkers were liberty, progress, reason, tolerance, fraternity, and ending the abuses of the church and state. Thinkers began to challenge traditional beliefs & customs.

The Enlightenment in France & America These new ideas created challenges to the rulers of the day. People saw that reform was necessary to achieve a just society. They advocated resistance to oppression and arbitrary rule of law. American colonists declared independence from England based on ideas of John Locke.

The French Revolution Tennis Court Oath: Third Estate becomes the National Assembly. Vow to meet until a constitution is created. Louis XVI surrounds Paris with troops. Third Estate storms Bastille looking for weapons and the French Revolution begins. Reign of Terror: Radicals forced a legislative body called the National Convention. It voted to abolish the monarchy and establish the French Republic. People were tried in court for “resisting the revolution.” 17,000 people were executed by the guillotine.

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon quickly advanced in power through military victories. He used his popularity to become a political leader He crowned himself Emperor of the French. The French thought he would bring stability.

Industrialization urbanization – the movement of people to cities New advances in technology meant work done by many could now be done by fewer people. People began to lose jobs on the farm and migrated to the cities.

A New way of Thinking Karl Marx – German philosopher who, with Frederick Engels, published The Communist Manifesto predicting class struggle

A New way of Thinking Adam Smith-Supporters of free-market capitalism saw the success of the industrial age, in which government played no part, as evidence for laissez-faire. Capitalism-an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Imperialism Causes Needed markets to sell the goods made in their factories Needed the cheap raw materials for their factories Establish military posts Benefit smaller countries with European ideas Social Darwinism – idea of “survival of the fittest”; the strongest nations should survive while the weaker nations should be conquered

Africa During Imperialism The race for Africa began when Belgium claimed an area around the Congo. Other Europeans joined the race to claim Africa. The Berlin Conference of : 14 European nations met to decide how Africa was going to be divided. No African representation Divided the continent with no regard to ethnic or language boundaries. Africa is easily dominated because the Europeans have advanced weaponry, and the Africans are not working together.

World War II Militarism- glorification of the military. Nationalism- a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. Alliance- formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense.

Treaty of Versailles In June 1919, the Allies forced Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The German delegates were horrified because the Allies: Forced Germany to accept full blame for the war Imposed reparations of $30 billion on Germany Severely limited the size of the German military Took land and overseas colonies from Germany German resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would later spark World War II.

Fascism any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights.

Communism in practice, a system in which a small elite controlled the political and economic life of a nation.

Socialism the belief that the means of production should be owned and operated by and for the people in general rather than by and for private individuals.

Appeasement Appeasement-giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep peace Hitler demanded land that wasn’t Germanys and others just gave it to him. Nations were trying to prevent war. Appeasement just showed Hitler that he could do whatever he wanted.

Cold War Truman Doctrine – the policy of limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control Marshall Plan – massive aid package that funneled food and economic assistance to Europe to help with rebuilding after WWII. Stalin refused the aid and forbade Eastern European countries to accept aid as well. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – a military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc Iron Curtain-The tense line between the Democratic West and the Communist East