1. The Age of Revolution

2. A Period of Revolution
The late 18th century marks the beginning of an intense period of revolution against existing governments
American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Latin American Revolutions
The spreading of Enlightenment thought that questioned the established traditions in all areas of life influenced these revolutions

3. Popular Sovereignty
Enlightenment thought provoked the idea of popular sovereignty
Notion that the legitimate political control rests with the people who make up a society, not kings
This will be the basis for many of the political revolutions that occur between

4. American Revolution
Laws passed by the English government to limit expansion as well as pass taxes on the American colonies
American colonies looking for more independence
On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence is issued
War goes on until 1781

5. American Revolution
In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure with checks and balances between the different branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)

6. French Revolution France was in economic turmoil in 1780’s
Society divided into ancien regime (Three Estates)
King Louis XVI forced to call Estates General in 1789
3rd estate delegates only have one vote
Tennis Court Oath July 1789

7. French Revolution 3rd Estate declare themselves the National Assembly
Write The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Based on ideas of Declaration of Independence and other Enlightenment ideas
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette have no real power anymore

8. Reign of Terror
were the radical phase of revolution known as Reign of Terror
Led by Robespierre and the Jacobins

9. The Execution of King Louis XVI
Reign of Terror
A new device comes to symbolize the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror – the guillotine:
The Execution of King Louis XVI

10. Reign of Terror
During this period, tens of thousands of French people are executed for not supporting the Revolution
Meanwhile, war is raging across France and spreading into neighboring countries among those that support traditional monarchy and those that support democracy

11. Napoleon
By 1799 and new government known as the Directory is set up in France
Five men elected to share power
A young military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, will eventually take control of it
By 1804 Napoleon has conquered a large empire across Europe and declares himself Emperor

12. Napoleon
Under the rule of Napoleon, Parliament is reduced in power, but religious freedom, equality for men, education were promoted

13. Napoleon
In 1815, Napoleon is finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by forces made up of different European countries
This finally brings to a close the period known as the French Revolution

14. Haitian Revolution
Led by former slave Toussaint Louverture against the French colonizers
This revolution was inspired by the examples in America and France
Napoleon sends forces to put it down, but they are unable to
Becomes known as the first successful slave revolt in history
Achieves independence in 1804

15. Latin American Revolutions
CAUSES
Political and Social Inequality
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattoes
Native Amer./Africans/Zambos
Enlightenment Ideas
Napoleon’s Actions
Success of Other Revolutions

16. Leaders of Latin American Independence Movements
Simon Bolivar
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Dom Pedro
Jose San Martin
Augustin de Iturbide