Ecology One

Planet Earth _w&feature=related _w&feature=related

Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Population Community Organism

Organization of the biosphere Biosphere- portion of the Earth that supports life

Large region with same plant life and climate Biome

Levels of Organization in the Biosphere Hc3Ao&NR=1 Hc3Ao&NR=1

Population growth curves Exponential (J curve)- ideal conditions Logistic (S curve)- reaches carrying capacity Carrying capacity- population levels off, becomes stable.

When a Population Size Stays the Same We Say Is At…. ZPG= Zero Population Growth For this to happen: Birth Rate = Death Rate

What could have happened to this population? Major environmental change (like a disaster) or lack of resource availability.

Limiting Factors environmental factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive Two types – Density-dependent – Density-independent

Limiting Factors Density-dependent factors has increasing effect as the population increases Depends on how large the population is Examples: Food & Water supply Predators Parasitism Disease Shelter & Space

Limiting Factors Density-independent factors- affects all populations regardless of density Most abiotic factors earthquake storm temperature flood fire

Raising & Lowering Population Size Emigration-movement out of an area. You EXIT the area Immigration- movement into an area You move IN to the area

Relationships in the community Predator-Prey Relationships- As predator population goes up, prey population goes down.

Relationships in the community Types of competition Intraspecific competition- organisms of the same species compete for resources Interspecific competition- organisms of different species compete for resources

Relationships in the community Intraspecific competition Two Gemsbok antelope compete in a herd

Relationships in the community Interspecific competition African animals of different species compete for water resources Competition between lion and hyena

Relationships in the community Symbiosis- relationships between organisms where there is a close and permanent association among organisms Three types – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism

Types of Symbiosis Mutualism- both organisms benefit The clown fish live in the tentacles of the sea anemone, which have poisonous stinging cells. A slime layer covering the clownfish make them immune to the stinging cells. The stinging tentacles of the sea anemone protect the clown fish from predators. The clownfish in turn protect the sea anemone from other fish that would feed on the anemone. Clownfish lay eggs within the sea anemone, which offers protection during their incubation and development.

Types of Symbiosis Commensalism- one organism benefits, the other is unaffected Barnacles attach to a whale’s tail. The barnacles get a home and transport, and the whale is not affected.

Types of Symbiosis Parasitism- one organism benefits, the other is harmed A tapeworm lives inside another animal, attaching itself to the host's gut and absorbing its host's food. The host loses nutrition, and may develop weight loss, diarrhea and vomiting. Usually parasites do not kill the host before they move on, as this would cut off their food supply.

Symbiotic relationships SmL2F1t81Q&feature=fvwrel NRqEYroujqA

Community Interactions Habitat- place where organism lives Niche- role and position a species has in its needs for food and shelter all interactions with living and non-living parts of its environment Only one organism can occupy a niche in an ecosystem Example: a predator feeding on weak or sick animals in an ecosystem

Habitat vs niche 2diE8jc&feature=rela ted 2diE8jc&feature=rela ted

Abiotic factors- non- living parts of the environment Ex.- air temp.,water, light, soil Biotic factors- all living organisms that inhabit an environment Parts of the ecosystem

Biotic and abiotic factors 94VGA 94VGA wpbhnom70&feature=fvsr wpbhnom70&feature=fvsr yTN4 yTN4

Nutrition and Energy Flow The ultimate source of energy is… the SUN!

Nutrition and Energy Flow Autotroph/Producers use sun’s energy to create chemical compounds (photosynthesis) Ex. – plants and algae Food Chains- shows how matter and energy flow from autotroph to heterotroph to decomposer Herbivores/Primary Consumers- feeds on plants Carnivores/ Secondary or Tertiary Consumers- feed on other animals Heterotrophs/Consumers- organisms that feed on other organisms

Omnivore- organism that eats both plants and animals Nutrition and Energy Flow

Decomposers- break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms Ex.- fungi and bacteria

Nutrition and Energy Flow Food Webs- all possible feeding relationships in a community

Nutrition and Energy Flow Trophic Levels- a feeding step in a food chain only pass on approximately 10% of energy to next trophic level

Nutrition and Energy Flow

Energy Pyramid shows the relative amount of energy at each trophic level (measured in calories or Kcals) Average energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is 10% Biomass Pyramid Shows the total amount of living tissue within trophic level Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of organisms at each trophic level Highest quantity on the bottom  lowest on the top

Nutrition and Energy Flow Pyramid of Energy- shows loss of energy at each trophic level

Nutrition and Energy Flow Pyramid of Biomass- shows amount of mass at each trophic level

Nutrition and Energy Flow

Food Web and Trophic levels AO4 AO4 XKhh8xo XKhh8xo _id=annotation_710147&feature=iv&src_vid= qtZcN4bzsrA&v=qUZkWZ12A8s _id=annotation_710147&feature=iv&src_vid= qtZcN4bzsrA&v=qUZkWZ12A8s

Nutrition and Energy Flow Energy flows through an ecosystem, cannot be recycled Matter (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen) cycles in an ecosystem

Cycles in an Ecosystem Water Cycle

Cycles in an Ecosystem Carbon Cycle /watch?v=pSDFEJ_O13M