1. A review of information for part 1 and part two… with an introduction to part 3

2.   Plankton: cannot move on their own. Move by the waves and currents.  Nekton: move on their own.  Benthic: attached or permanently located on the ocean floor. What are different types of animals?

3.  Section 1 What is a species?

4.   Definition: a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding  All organisms have larger groups that have individual species within them. We call the larger groups families, and the individual type species.  You are creating a new species that should belong to a type of family. Species

5.  Section 2 What makes up an ecosystem?

6.   An ecosystem is a complex, interactive system that includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors in the environment. What is an ecosystem?

7.   These are nonliving factors such as water, nitrogen, oxygen, salinity, pH, soil nutrients and composition, temperature, amount of sunlight, and precipitation. What are abiotic factors?

8.   These are living factors, such as bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. What are biotic factors?

9.   A population is a group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in a particular ecosystem. What is a population?

10.   Organisms interact commonly with their ecosystem in many different ways. Organisms and their environment

11.  Section 3 What are limiting factors of an ecosystem?

12.   A limiting factor is an environmental factor that is responsible for restricting how big a population can get. What are limiting factors?

13.   These are limiting factors that operate more strongly on large populations because they are dependent upon larger populations of organisms.  Examples: food, water, shelter, space, predation and parasitism and disease. What are density dependent factors?

14.   These are factors that occur regardless of how large the population is. These will reduce the size of all populations in the area.  Examples: weather changes, human activities, natural disasters. What are density independent factors?

15.  For your project…

16.  Section 4 Food Webs: the movement of energy through an ecosystem

17.  Food Webs

18.   Food Webs are multiple food chains combined  They show possible pathways for energy and nutrients to flow through an ecosystem Energy Flow

19.  Trophic levels  Organisms in a food web are grouped into trophic levels  Trophic levels represent what position an organism takes in consuming energy.

20.   These organisms make their own food, and usually obtain their energy from the sun.  These organisms are considered autotrophs Producers

21.   These are the first consumers and are our first level of heterotrophs.  These are usually herbivores because they eat the plants. Primary Consumers

22.   These are the second consumers, and eat the animals that eat the plants.  These are normally omnivores or carnivores Secondary Consumers

23.   These organisms are usually the top of the food chain and are mostly carnivores. Tertiary/Top Consumers

24.  Trophic levels overview

25.  Decomposers

26.  Energy Flow in a food web

27.  Part 5 Energy Transfer

28. Flow Of Energy  The flow of energy can be illustrated and described by:  Food chains  Food webs  Ecological pyramids

29.  There are 3 Types of Ecological Pyramids 1.Energy pyramid 2.Numbers pyramid 3.Biomass pyramid

30.  Energy Pyramid Definition: An energy pyramid represents the energy available for each trophic level in an ecosystem

31.  Energy pyramid  The energy needs of organisms increase with each level in an ecosystem  This is because in order for the ecosystem to sustain itself, there must be more energy at lower trophic levels than there is at higher trophic levels.  This allows for organisms on the lower levels to maintain a stable population, but to also feed the organisms on higher trophic levels, thus transferring energy up the pyramid.

33.  Energy pyramid  When energy is transferred to the next trophic level, only 10% of it is used to build bodymass, becoming stored energy (the rest going to metabolic processes).  As such, in a Pyramid of Energy, each step will be 10% the size of the previous step (100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 etc.). 0.01% 1% 10% 100%

34.   Each level uses and loses 90% of its energy  So only 10% of the energy is passed on to the next level

35.  Energy Pyramid  Because of the decreasing amount of available energy, each level can support fewer and fewer amounts of organisms than the one below it.

36.  Number Pyramid  The number pyramid represents the number of individual organisms available for energy in each level of an ecosystem

37.  Number Pyramid  At the base or the bottom of the pyramid are the producers  They provide the energy for the rest of the pyramid

38.  Number Pyramid  The number of individual organisms at each level decreases

39.  Number Pyramid

40.  Biomass Pyramid  Biomass - the total mass of living things  The biomass pyramid represents the biomass at each level in an ecosystem

41.  Biomass Pyramid  Since the number of organisms decreases from level to level, then the biomass will decrease from level to level

42.  How to Calculate the Biomass  Take the # of organisms and multiply by its mass (kg) 4,000 frogs X 1.1 kg mass of 1 frog 4,400 kg

43.  Ecological Pyramids

44.  Part 6 Nutrients and your ecosystem

45.   All ecosystems are made of matter. Matter cannot be created nor destroyed, it must be recycled.  Nutrients cycle through an ecosystem in order to be reused.  These cycles represent how matter is reused in an ecosystem. Nutrients Cycle

46.  Carbon Cycle

47.  Water Cycle

48.  Nitrogen Cycle

49.  Section 7

50.   Regulation of populations is affected by limiting factors. Limiting factors are factors that keeps a population from growing, such as:  Biotic factors  Abiotic factors  Density dependent factors  Density independent factors Other factors that affect ecosystems

51.   These are the ways that populations of organisms can interact with one another.  Examples:  Symbiotic relationships  Mutualistic  Parasitic  Commensalism  Competitive  Predation What are animal interactions?

52.   This is a relationship that exists between organisms of two different species that live together in direct contact. What does it mean to be symbiotic?

53.   This is a negative interaction  This is a symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host). However, the parasite does not generally kill the host. What is a parasitic relationship?

54.   This is an inert interaction  This is an interaction where one organism benefits and the other organisms is unaffected by the interaction. What is a commensalism interaction?

55.   This is a positive interaction  This is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the relationship. These organisms help each other to survive What is a mutualistic relationship?

56.   This is an animal interaction that occurs when two or more organisms need the same resource at the same time. This can be among the same or different species and occurs when organisms share the same niche. What is a competitive interaction?

57.   This is the typical predetor/prey interaction where one organisms (Predator) eats the other organism (Prey).  This interaction helps to regulate the population within an ecosystem causing it to become stable. What is a Predation interaction