1. The Biosphere

2. Earth: A Living Planet

3. General Vocabulary Ecology: The study of how living organisms interact with each other and with their surroundings. Biosphere: Part of the Earth in which life exists (water, land, air) Ecosystem: Area defined by its abiotic and biotic traits – All ecosystems overlap with neighboring ecosystems ex. forest and a pond found within the forest

4. Traits of an ecosystem Abiotic Soil type Amount of sunshine Amount of rain Rock types Temperature Biotic Plants: – Trees – Shrubs – Grasses – Fungi Animals: – Rodents – Insects – Large animals

5. Succession Changes in an ecosystem where one type of organism replaces another over 100’s of years. Pioneer Species: colonizes an area for the first time (ex. first plants to grow after a volcanic eruption) Climax community: “end point” – organisms found in a climax community do not continue to change – they are very stable

6. Energy and Nutrients

7. Flow of Energy Plants convert sunlight into usable energy for animals (photosynthesis) After energy is used by an organism, it cannot be re-used…energy FLOWS it does not CYCLE!

8. Trophic (feeding) Levels Producer: (photosynthetic plants) – uses sunlight to make its own food Consumer: organism that gets energy from a producer – Primary, secondary, tertiary… Decomposer: live on non-living organisms

9. 10% Rule At each trophic level, only 10% of the energy that is consumed is available to the next trophic level WHY? – Because most of what the animal eats is used by the animal (doing life processes… running, hiding, eating, breathing etc… all of this uses energy !)

10. Ecological Pyramid Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers At each level: biomass, numbers and energy are reduced

11. Food Webs Ecological pyramid demonstrates a single food chain… Food Chain: sequence of organisms that eat one another BUT Food chain is oversimplified. Weaving food chains together is called a food web and reflects true relationships within an ecosystem

12. Nutrient Cycles Because nutrients are used and re-used, they form cycles Nutrients in soil used by plants Animal eats plants and uses nutrients Animal eats animals and uses nutrients Animal dies & decomposes Nutrients returned to soil

13. Nutrient Cycles Limiting Factor: a nutrient that is found in small amounts and limits the growth of a population – Ex. Nitrogen usually limits algae growth in ponds. By adding more nitrogen, algae no longer has limited growth and results in algae blooms… leads to fish death

14. Populations and Communities

15. Population Growth Population: group of the same species that live in the same area in a given time. If living conditions are IDEAL, growth will be exponential… there is nothing to inhibit growth! In reality – exponential growth is not sustainable – there will always be a limiting factor – Can you think of an exception to this??

16. Logistic Growth Real growth curves will eventually reach a steady state = the carrying capacity of the environment for that species A population cannot continue to grow forever because of: – Lack of food – Overcrowding (lack of space) – Competition within the population

17. Factors that control population growth Density-Dependent Limiting Factors: Factors that affect large and/or overcrowded populations Density- Independent Limiting Factors: Weather and natural occurrences that have nothing to do with the density of a population

18. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors 1. Competition (for food, space, water, sunlight…) Remember: if two species compete for the same niche, one will lose. Natural selection allows for both species to survive if one species evolves and adapts to a different niche

19. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors 2. Predation Predator-prey relationships keep both populations in balance As prey pop. increases… the predator pop. will increase… as predator pop. increases, prey pop. will decrease… as prey pop. decreases, predator pop. will decrease… this allows prey pop. to increase… and the cycle begins again

20. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors 3. Parasitism Parasites: live off host organism without killing it Thrive best in large, stressed populations (stressed populations are susceptible to disease) More easily spread in overcrowded populations

21. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors 4. Crowding and Stress Smaller area per animal in which to find home and/or hunt for food Crowded populations tend to fight

22. Interactions within and between Communities Community: all the populations that live together within an area. – They live together – therefore they interact Interactions include: – Competition – Predator/prey relationship – Symbiosis

23. Ecosystems are Connected! Ecosystems are studied as isolated systems BUT All ecosystems are interconnected by – Proximity – Migratory patterns – Atmosphere (wind patterns) – Hydrology of Earth (groundwater flows, rivers)

24. THE END!