Ch. 33, Sec. 1 Cold War: Superpowers Face Off Advanced World History Adkins

Yalta Conference Feb (prior to end of WWII) U.S.S.R. – Black Sea Resort of Yalta Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Divide Germany into zones of occupation Germany would pay reparations to USSR Stalin agreed to join war against Japan Stalin promised free elections for East. Europe

United Nations June 1945 U.S., USSR, and 48 other countries Based in NYC Protect members against aggression General Assembly – Each UN member could vote Security Council – 11 members – real power to settle disputes – 5 Permanent Members – US, Britain, China, France, USSR

Major Goal of U.S.S.R. Shield itself from invasion  built a buffer by occupying the nations it invaded when it pushed the Nazis westward Stalin ignored Yalta  installed communist govts. in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech, Romania, Poland, and Yugo.

Potsdam Roosevelt died April 12, 1945  Truman Churchill, Stalin, Truman Potsdam, Germany – July 1945 Truman tried to get Stalin to allow free elections in East. Europe. Stalin refused.  Later in a speech, Stalin said Comm. and Capt. could not exist in the same world.

Germany is Divided After WWII, Germany had been divided into 4 zones (US, GB, F, USSR). Berlin was also divided. West Germany - controlled by Allies East Germany – Communist – German Democratic Republic Berlin Wall – 1961 – at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin

Berlin Airlift Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and divided – other Allies did not  U.S., Britain, and France decided to end its occupation in 1948 = West Germany USSR cut off highway, water, and rail traffic to West Berlin (located within Soviet controlled East Germany) Americans and British flew food and supplies into West Berlin for 11 months. May 1949 – Soviets lifted blockade

Iron Curtain The line that divides capitalism from communism

Containment Truman’s policy – blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism – Forming alliances – Helping weak countries resist Soviet advances

Truman Doctrine Support for countries that reject communism  controversial $400 million  Turkey and Greece

Marshall Plan U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall Provide food, machinery, other materials to rebuild West Europe 12.5 billion in 1948

Berlin Airlift Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and divided – other Allies did not  U.S., Britain, and France decided to end its occupation in 1948 USSR cut off highway, water, and rail traffic to West Berlin (you had to go through East Germany to get to Berlin) Americans and British flew food and supplies into West Berlin for 11 months. May 1949 – Soviets lifted blockade

Cold War Struggle over political differences carried on by means short of military action or war – Propaganda, Spying, Diplomacy, Secret Operations

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1949 U.S., Canada, and 10 West European countries Defensive military alliance  an attack on 1 = armed force by all

Warsaw Pact USSR, East Germany, Czech, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania

H-Bomb\A-Bomb (Tomato\Tomato) The U.S. already had atomic bombs (remember Hiroshima and Nagasaki). In 1949, the USSR exploded its own atomic weapon. US President Truman wanted something more powerful  Hydrogen bomb (1,000’s X more powerful than atomic bomb). H bomb – 1952 (US), 1953 (USSR)

Brinkmanship Willingness to go to the brink (edge) of war. Brinkmanship required a reliable source of nuclear weapons and the planes to deliver them  US and USSR strengthened its air force and stockpiled nuclear weapons = Arms Race.

Sputnik 1957 – Russians launched the first unmanned satellite above the earth’s atmosphere (Sputnik). US did the same in 1958.

U-2 Incident After asking and being rejected by the Russians for permission to fly over air space (to guard against nuclear attacks) and vice versa, the US. CIA started secret high-altitude spy flights over Soviet territory in planes called U-2’s. In 1960, a U-2 plane was shot down. Pilot Francis Gary was captured (Powers served less than 2 years in a Soviet prison – he was traded for another Russian spy).