ISSUE #2 Where are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

3 MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE Distribution is not random in urban areas, people concentrate in certain neighborhoods based on social characteristics Three models, developed in Chicago, explain where different types of people tend to live in an urban area Know the names of the people associated with each model 1.Concentric Zone Model 2.Sector Model 3.Multiple Nuclei Model

GROUP SLIDES 1.Name of your model sentence/bullet summary 3.Picture representing it 4.Explain how your model explains the structure of Indianapolis by summarizing the appropriate figure on p.441

Concentric Zone Model Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

Sector Model Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

Multiple Nuclei Model Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

APPLICATONS OF THE MODELS Help explain where and why people live in urban areas Independently they all are incomplete, much more effective when combined In many countries (ex. U.S.) information on which these models is based comes from a census Know census tracts (p.468) Social Area Analysis – what is this? (p.468) See images on page 468 to see examples of cities that demonstrate each model!!!

Indianapolis: Percent Renters Fig. 13-8: The distribution of household renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.

Indianapolis: Household Income Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis illustrates the sector model.

Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns Fig : The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

USE OF THE MODELS OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA Models were based on Chicago, but American urban areas differ from those around the world Does not invalidate the models, but there are differences

CBDs IN EUROPE CBDs of cities outside North America, with an emphasis on Europe: Less dominated by skyscrapers Buildings for public/semi public services such as churches and palaces Green spaces that were originally private gardens Low-rise buildings Narrow streets They are older; try to preserve historic character of CBDs by passing laws Have more residents than in North America Therefore they have more consumer services Why are 24 hr supermarkets rare? Banning of cars in some, why? Renovation of older building; little new construction

USE OF THE MODELS: EUROPEAN CITIES Similar to U.S., new construction may cluster in areas extending out from the CBD and the wealthy tend to cluster in a sector In contrast to U.S. cities, the wealthy still don’t still live in CBDs, not “just” suburbs – why? Read about Paris (p.470) High density of wealthy in this region has effects: Lack of large private yards for the wealthy Use of second homes for weekend retreats Traffic jams on Sunday night (why?)

CONCENTRIC ZONES IN EUROPEAN CITIES Unlike the U.S., most new housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apartment buildings for low-income people and people of color/immigrants Why have European governments encouraged high density suburbs? (p.471) European suburbs Clustering of people with social and economic problems Long commutes to reach services downtown Many services, such as schools, may actually be worse and more dangerous in suburbs than downtown How did wealthy and poor used to live downtown? Different groups on different floors? (p.471)

Social Areas in Paris Fig : Higher income professionals are likely to live in the center of Paris, while factory workers tend to live in the suburbs, in contrast to the pattern of many American cities.

USE OF THE MODELS: LDCs Like Europe, poor tend to be concentrated in suburbs and wealthy in the center of cities Result of European colonial practices Know patterns for: (pp ) 1. Pre-colonial cities 2. Colonial cities 3. Cities since independence 4. Squatter settlements

Mexico City Fig : The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.

Aztec Features in Mexico City Fig a: The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Some features from the old Aztec city and region can still be identified.

Downtown Mexico City Fig b: The main square in downtown Mexico City, the Zócalo, was laid out by the Spanish.

Mexico City, Oct The Zócalo in downtown Mexico City on Oct. 22, 2006 with 13,000 simultaneous games of chess in order to set a record.

Fès (Fez), Morocco Fig : The old city in the east has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Fig : In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

Latin American City Model Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine. KNOW THIS!!!!

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil High & Low Income Regions Fig a: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.

Rio de Janeiro Areas with Sewers Fig b: High income households are attracted to central areas of Rio partly because these areas have access to services such as sewers.

Favela in Rio de Janeiro Many poor immigrants live in squatter settlements, or favelas, many of which are on the hillsides around Rio.