1. Urban Models

2. Learning Target
LT 2. I can identify generally accepted spatial structure models. (13.2)

3. Concentric Zone Model Developed by E. W. Burgess in 1925
Argues that urban land use is best represented by a series of concentric circles
Created based on the layout of Chicago
Recognizes five distinct zones:
The central business district -- non-residential
Zone in transition -- poorest quality housing/immigrants/apartments
Zone of workingmen’s homes -- second-generation immigrant settlement
Zone of “better residences” -- middle class
Commuters’ zone -- high-class residential
The timing is significant! Think about what else was happening in America during this time!
Urbanization
New technologies in transportation
A LOT of immigration

5. Sector Model Developed by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939
This model assumes the land use is conditioned by transportation routes radiating outward from a city center
Industrial, retailing, and residential districts extend out from the CBD like wedges
Hoyt created this model based on Chicago -- he saw the best housing extending north from Chicago along Lake Michigan

7. post WW2-- beginning of suburbanization!
Multiple Nuclei Model
post WW2-- beginning of suburbanization!
Developed by C. D. Harris and E. L. Ullman in 1945
This model assumes that urban areas have more than one focal point influencing land use
Land-use patterns are formed around several discrete nuclei that attract certain uses and repel others. These nuclei most often develop in response to the evolving transportation network. They form, for example, around major highway intersections and surrounding airports.
These multiple nuclei may have arisen in one of two ways:
They were once separate settlements but were absorbed by growth of the urban area.
They appeared as urban growth stimulated specialization and specialized centers outside the CBD, around which complementary uses then located.
Residential land use develops in response to the influence of the various nuclei.

9. Urban Realms Model
Created by James Vance in 1964 to describe a modern metropolis
Each color represents a different ‘realm’ which serves a separate purpose, but the area still acts as one city
LA is a great example of this model

10. Europe’s CBDs
European CBDs have more residents & more consumer services than do US CBD’s
Like this fresh food market in Paris, France
But they don’t have as many business services as the U.S.

11. Differences Europe and USA
The 3 models explain distribution of social classes in the United States well.
Differences in Europe do not invalidate these theories, but point out social groups globally may have different reasons to select neighborhoods.
European CBD’s contain:
Beautiful old buildings
best shops
best restaurants
& cultural facilities

12. Paris Sector Model
In Paris wealthy citizens live between the Louvre in the CBD and another royal palace at Versaille

14. European Concentric Zone
Inner ring has older attached homes, BUT Europe’s suburbs house the urban poor

15. Latin America

16. Pre-Colonial Mexico City

17. Pre-Colonial Mexico City
Mexico City, known as Tenochtitlan was built by the Aztecs before colonization. An island city, it had drawbridges to link it to the mainland.
When European powers came in they often demolished existing native towns
The lake Tenochtitlan was built upon has since been drained for an airport and city expansion

18. Colonial cities
Cities in developing countries follow similar patterns to European cities because many have been influenced by colonial rule
Spanish Cities in Latin America were required to follow laws outlining how colonial cities would be constructed.
At the center were a church and a central plaza

19. Following Independence...
The Latin American City Model

20. Other International Urban Models...