1. Chapter 13.1: Where Have Urban Areas Grown?

2. In 1800, only 3 percent of the Earth’s population lived in cities and only one city in the world had 1 million (Beijing).
Today there are over 400 cities with more than 1million people.

3. Urbanization Urbanization has two factors
Increasing percentage of people in cities
Remember that 3 percent? In 2000, 47% of world population lived in cities
MDCs have a higher percentage of people living in urban areas (3/4 MDC vs. 2/5 LDC)
This change is taking place because the IR created factory jobs in cities
Improvements in farming also reduced rural population
This process has ended in MDCs as the percentage living in urban areas cannot really increase any more (people now choose to stay in rural areas)

4. Increasing number of people in cities
MDCs might have a higher percentage, but LDCs actually have more of the extremely large urban settlements (Delhi, Mexico City, Seoul)
These high populations are a result of high NIRs and people migrating for jobs that are not available
So this is NOT a measure of development

5. Defining Urban Settlements
People cannot always agree on what areas are urban and which are rural
Geographers use social and physical factors to determine if it is an urban area
Social differences- way of life in city is different that rural
Large size: Small town vs. huge city where you know only a very small percent of residents, usually through your business dealings (cashiers, boss, lawyer, etc.)
High density: Each person plays a specific role (specialization), social groups also compete for territory
Social heterogeneity: Large cities have much more diversity and end to be more accepting of different social behaviors.

6. Physical definitions- cities used to be surrounded by walls, now it is more difficult to measure
Legal definition: Local governments draw boundaries defining the extent of a city
Urbanized area: Urban areas consist of the central city and surrounding built up suburbs where population exceeds 1000 people per square mile
Metropolitan statistical area: Includes a cities zone of influence (TV stations, sports teams, etc.) Includes the following:
County where the city is located
Urbanized area with 50,000 plus
Adjacent counties with high population densities and large percentage of citizens working in the central cities county

7. Large Cities
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 2 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.

8. Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

9. Chapter 13.2: Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?

10. People are not randomly distributed within an urban area.
They concentrate in certain neighborhoods depending on their social characteristics.

11. Three Models of Urban Structure
Each helps to explain where different types of people tend to live in an urban area
Concentric Zone Model
Says a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings
Width and size of each ring varies from city to city, but each city has the rings
CBD- nonresidential activities
Zone in Transition- Industry and poorer housing
Working Class Homes- Modest, older homes owned by stable working class families
Better Residences- Newer homes, occupied by middle class
Commuter Zone- Smaller towns outside the built up area

12. Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

13. Sector Model Says that a city develops in numerous sectors, not rings
Some areas of the city are more attractive to certain groups and as a city grows its activities expand in a wedge
Showed the highest social class district stayed in the same area and expanded outward

14. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

15. Multiple Nuclei Model
States that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve
Nodes include ports, business centers, universities, etc.
Each node attracts different groups of people (heavy industry- working class, university-educated/wealthy)

16. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

17. Use of the Models Outside North America
The three models were developed in the US
Social groups in other countries might not have the same reasons for choosing where to live
European Cities
Wealthy Europeans tend to cluster together in cities but are more likely to be in the inner ring
As the downtown areas are very small, many wealthy Europeans purchase rural farms or other areas to “get away”
Poorer people tend to live on the outskirts of the city

18. Less Developed Countries
The poor are usually located in the suburbs just like European cities
This is not a coincidence, but a result of European colonialism
The wealthiest neighborhoods are located where energy, water, and sewage is available
With the rapidly expanding populations of these cities, squatter settlements pop up
Extremely high density with very few services
Begin with people sleeping in the street, then building crude shelters with whatever materials are available
Percentages of people living in these conditions range from 33% in Sao Paulo Brazil to 85% in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

19. Professionals in Glasgow
Fig : Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.

20. Latin American City Model
Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

21. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig : High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.

22. Chapter 13.3: Why Do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems?

23. Physical Problems
The biggest physical problem is the poor condition of inner-city housing
Process of deterioration
As low income populations grow, the neighborhoods spread into the middle class
Middle class families typically move out of these neighborhoods and rent their homes out
In some cases large homes are slit into multiple residences for rent
Eventually the landlords stop paying for repairs and the buildings rapidly deteriorate
Sometimes banks decide not to give certain parts of a city loans, this is called redlining and while illegal it is hard to enforce
Redlining prevents people from getting the money to fix up inner city homes

24. Dayton, Ohio, Inner City
Fig : Drug-related arrests (left) have been concentrated in the inner-west side of the city. In the 2001 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin concentrated in the African-American section of the city.

25. Urban Renewal
Cities identify deteriorated neighborhoods and move out all residents in order to bulldoze the neighborhood and build it back up
Often times the government replaces this land with government housing, or homes built specifically for low-income families
An alternative to demolishing is to renovate inner-city neighborhoods
This renovation often attracts middle class people.
When middle class families move back into this neighborhood it is known as gentrification

26. Social Problems
Inner-city residents are often referred to as a permanent underclass since they are locked in an endless cycle of social and economic problems
They suffer from high rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug abuse, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, poor education, and crime

27. Two social problems Lack of job skills
Due to poor education, residents are unable to compete for skilled or technical job
Good learning habits such as doing homework and attending school tend not to be important
Nearly 3 million Americans are considered homeless in the course of a year

28. Culture of poverty
90% of children in the inner-city have only one parent. Because of inadequate child services, single mothers must choose between work and raising their child
Drug use and dealing are a serious problem
Cities are also often segregated by ethnicity, with Blacks and Hispanics often living in the inner-city while the suburbs are predominantly white

29. Economic Problems
With a high concentration of poor people, the inner city often lacks enough tax money to maintain and improve the neighborhoods
One solution is to reduce services by closing libraries, under funding schools, etc.
Another solution is to collect more taxes by attracting new businesses

30. Chapter 13.4: Why Do Suburbs Have Problems?

31. In 1950, only 20 percent of Americans lived in suburbs
In 2000 that percentage has increased to 50%

32. The Peripheral Model
Says an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
These areas lack the problems of the inner city but are characterized by urban sprawl and segregation
Around the beltway are areas of consumer and business services called edge cities.
Originally residential areas, they grow with the addition malls, office parks, light manufacturing and even specific nodes such as theme parks and warehouses

33. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

34. As you travel out of a city, the density of residents declines… this change is called a density gradient
Two recent changes to density gradient include a decline in the number of people living in the center
And an increase in the density of the outer parts of the city… leading to a reduction in the gradient
Suburbs are also characterized by sprawl which is the progressive spread of development over the landscape
It is created by the desire for many families to own large areas of land
It tends to waste land and limits the ability of city dwellers to get to the country for recreation. It also wastes energy with increased use of automobiles
The other major problem is suburban segregation: 2 ways
Residences are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities
Homes are also separated by social classes as suburban homes exclude low income residents

35. Contribution of Transportation
Urban sprawl makes people much more dependent on transportation to meet their basic needs
Cars
The explosion of suburban growth is directly related to the growth of automobiles
This has allowed the growth of sprawl as people are able to travel greater distances
95 percent of all trips in the US are made by car
This has also led to extensive land use devoted to highways and roads… the average city has one fourth of its land area devoted to roadways

36. Public Transportation
Forty percent of all trips made in and out of the CBD are made during four hours of the day
Public transportation is much better suited for moving large numbers of people, but Americans still prefer cars
Americans lose 36 hours per year and waste 55 gallons of gas in the course of a year sitting in traffic but since
Americans value their privacy and flexibility, most continue to avoid public transportation
The one major exception is the use of rapid transit such as subways in New York and Boston
Europe takes a much different view and in places such as England, France and Japan people are far more likely to use public transportation