1. Urban Patterns Chapter 13 An Introduction to Human Geography
The Cultural Landscape, 8e
James M. Rubenstein
Chapter 13
Urban Patterns
PPT by Abe Goldman

2. Urban Settlements Urbanization Defining urban settlements
Increasing urban percentage
Increasing urban populations
Defining urban settlements
Social differences between urban and rural settlements
Physical definitions of urban settlements

3. In 1800 what % lived in cities?

4. What was the only city to have 1 million?

5. In 2000 What fraction live in cities?

6. How many cities have 1 million?

7. In MDCs what fraction live in cities?

8. In LDCs what fraction live in cities?

9. What area is an exception in LDCs

10. Two factors that increase the % in cities in MDCs

11. Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

12. Large Cities
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 2 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.

13. How many of the top 10 cities are in LDCs?

14. Top cities Delhi Jakarta Mexico City Mumbai Sao Paulo Seoul
Los Angeles
New York
Osaka
Tokyo
Beijing
Buenos Aires
Cairo
Calcutta
Lagos
Shanghai

15. Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Although under half of the people in most less developed regions are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

16. In 1800 only 3 of the top 10 in Europe
London, Paris and Naples

17. What was the largest city in 1900?

18. As recently as _____ 7 of the top 10 cities were in MDCs

19. Fueling the growth in LDCs?

20. Three defining characteristics of Wirth
Size
High Population Density
Social Heterogeneity

21. What is the Legal definition of a city?
Legally incorporated into an independent self governing unit

23. What is an Urbanized area?
Central city and its surrounding suburbs

24. What is an MSA?
Urbanized area at least 50,000, County where city located
Adjacent counties with high pop densities

26. St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, given its position on the Mississippi River.

27. How many MSA in the US in 2003?

28. % of US population in MSAs?

29. % of total land area for US in MSAs?

30. # of Micropolitan areas

31. Overlapping city

32. Megalopolis
Fig. 13-4: The Boston–Washington corridor contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

33. Urban Structure Three models of urban structure
Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model
Geographic applications
Use of the models outside North America
European cities
Less developed countries

34. Models of Urban structure
Sociologists, Economists and Geographers attempt to explain where do different types of people live
Each model is a study of functional zonation: division of the city into certain regions

35. Terms Zone: areas of relatively uniform land use
CBD: Concentration of Business and Commerce in the city’s downtown: high land values, tall buildings, busy traffic, converging highways and mass transit system
Central City describes urban area not suburban

36. Terms
Suburbanization: process by which land previously outside urban become urban

37. Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

38. Concentric zone 1923 by Burgess: Size of rings vary
Same basic types of rings in same order
CBD: nonresidential activities
Zone of transition: industry and poor quality of housing: immigrants to city: subdivide small homes into apartments
Zone of working class homes: modest older homes
Zone of middle class: newer and more spacious
Commuter zone

39. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

40. Sector Model Developed by Hoyt City develops in a series of sectors
Certain sectors more attractive
Industry and retail develop along transportation lines
Refinement of Concentric zone model

41. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

42. Multiple Nuclei Model Harris and Ullman
CBD losing its dominant position as single nucleus
More than one center where activities revolve
Some activities attracted to particular nodes: port, airport, park, university
Incompatible land use activities will avoid clustering in same locations

43. Multiple Nuclei New Suburb downtowns emerged to serve local economies
Often near key freeway intersections
Develop around big shopping centers, office complexes and hotels etc
Edge cities
Urban Realm: separate economic, social and political entity

44. Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.

45. Application of models Census tracts (5,000) residents provide data
Social Area Analysis: models combined help to explain where people live
Critics: Models based on conditions between two World Wars
People tend to live near others of similar characteristics

46. Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis is an example of a sector model.

47. Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig : The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

48. European cities
Wealthy Europeans still live in inner rings not just in suburbs or cluster along a sector extending from CBD
Central location for shops, restaurants and entertainment
Greater use of apartments: design of public open space
Buildings renovated
Poor people relegated to the outskirts of cities
Public transportation provided

49. Professionals in Glasgow
Fig : Top professionals in Glasgow, Scotland, are more likely to live near the center of the city, in contrast to most U.S. cities.

50. LDCs Poor accommodated in the suburbs
Past Colonial policies have left a mark
Pre colonial: few cities: most lived in rural areas: often had a religious core
Commercial activities arranged in concentric and hierarchical pattern: often related to religious activities
Colonial: Expand cities to provide administrative, military, command and trade centers
Wider streets and public squares: Standard plan

51. Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig : The old city has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

52. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig : In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

53. Latin American City Model
Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

54. Latin American model Griffin: Ford Model
Blend traditional with forces of globalization
Gridiron street plan centered on a church and central plaza
Neighborhoods centered around smaller plazas with parish churches
CBD: remains city’s primary business etc

55. Latin American Model Traditional market and a modern high rise
Commercial sector outward with elite residential sector
At end of elite lies edge city or mall
Disamenity sector: very poorest parts of city: favelas; may be controlled by gangs

56. Cities since independence
Latin America cities: wealthy people push out from center in elite residential sector
High income near center greater access to services
Squatter settlements: LDCs unable to house growing number of poor

57. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fig : High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.

58. Model of Subsaharan Africa
Imprint of Colonialism: Laid out prominent urban centers
May be three CBDs: A remnant colonial CBD, an informal market zone, transitional business center
Traditional: single story buildings and
Transitional: open area informal

59. Inner Cities Inner-city physical problems Inner-city social problems
Deterioration process
Urban renewal
Inner-city social problems
Underclass
Culture of poverty
Inner-city economic problems
Annexation

60. Problems for Inner cities
People move out of inner city areas
Businesses follow movement
Tax revenues decrease
Two choices: cut services or raise taxes
Filtering: Large houses subdivided into smaller dwellings for low income

61. Problems for inner cities
Landlords stop maintaining house when rent becomes less than maintenance costs
Property abandoned
Redlining: banks draw lines on map identifying areas in which refuse to loan money: difficult to borrow money to fix
Urban renewal

62. Public housing
Must pay 30% of income for rent: Housing authority manages building
US: Only 2% of all dwellings though more in inner city
UK 1/3 publicly owned or subsidize construction by non profit organization
1950 and 60s: High rise trend: today two or three story apartment buildings: less government assistance to build construction more to renovate

63. Problems for inner city
Middle class move into deteriorated inner city neighborhoods and renovate the housing: gentrification

64. Growth of Chicago
Fig : Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport.

65. Problems of Suburbs The peripheral model
Density gradient
Cost of suburban sprawl
Suburban segregation
Transportation and suburbanization
Motor vehicles
Public transportation
Local government fragmentation
Metropolitan government
Growing smart

66. Suburban population Grown faster than the overall population
1950: 20% suburbs, 40% central cities, 40% small towns
2000: 50% suburbs, 30% central cities, 20% small towns

67. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

68. Peripheral model North American urban areas
Harris designed (creator of multiple nuclei model)
Inner city surrounded by large Suburban residential and business area: Tied together by a beltway or ring road
Around beltway nodes of consumer and business services called edge cities
Specialized nodes emerge in edge cities: hotels, warehouses

69. Density gradient As travel outward from center: decline in density
Number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from center increases
Recent: Number of people living in center has decreased
Less density difference within urban areas
Europe: Low income, high rise apartments in suburbs

70. Cleveland, Ohio, 1900–1990
Fig : The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

71. Result: Flatten density gradient and reduce the extremes

72. Cost of Suburban Sprawl
Sprawl: Progressive spread of development over the landscape
Developers seek cheap land: often favor detached isolated sites
Must connect roads and utilities: Fund by taxes or installed by developer
Wastes land, reduce ability of city dwellers to get to country, more dependence on autos, may affect supply of local produce and dairy

73. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig : New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

74. Europe: Construction of new housing more restricted
Designate open spaces: Greenbelts

75. Suburban Segregation
Residents separated from commercial and manufacturing areas
Housing built by people of a single social class; others excluded by virtue of cost, size or location of housing

76. Homogeneous suburb is a 20th century phenomenon
Zoning ordinances encourage spatial separation: prevent mixing of land use

77. Critics of suburbs: low income and minority unable to live there
due to the high cost of housing and the unfriendliness of established residents

78. Economic Base of Settlements
Basic Industries: Export primarily to consumers outside the settlement
Nonbasic Industries : consumers live in the same community
Basic industries bring money into the local economy: stimulate the provision of more nonbasic industries for the community
New Basic industries attract workers to the settlement
Settlement attracts additional consumer services to meet needs of new workers and their families

79. Economic base
Basic industries: Compute the % of the community’s workers employed in different types of businesses
% of workers in a particular industry compared to the % of workers in that industry in the country as a whole
If % is higher in local industry than in country as a whole then classify as a basic industry

80. Economic Base
Settlements with high % of workers in primary sector will be located near raw materials
Settlements near secondary economic activities will participate in manufacturing: Ohio to Wisconsin (near the Great Lakes) Textiles clustered in the Southeast

81. Economic Base Postindustrial economy
Increasingly in Business, Consumer or Public services
Cities may specialize in particular types of services: Boston, Austin, Raleigh-Durham: High tech and computer
Public services: state capital, universities or military base
Consumer services: entertainment and recreational areas

82. Economic Base
Population in cities in the South and West have grown more rapidly
North and East have expanded their provision of business services.
Transformed manufacturing centers into business service centers

83. Economic Base
Talented individuals are attracted to cities with job opportunities and financial incentives
Richard Florida: May be more cultural than economic
“Coolness index” High cultural diversity tended to attract talented individuals

84. Public Transportation
Urban sprawl makes more dependent on transportation
½ of all trips are work related
Suburban explosion relied on motor vehicles: Universal ownership in American households
More than 95% of all trips are made by car: 5% by bus and rail

85. Public transportation
US government encouraged the use of cars by paying 90% of the cost of limited access high-speed interstate highways.
Also supported by policies that limit the price of fuel
Average city: ¼ of its land to roads and parking lots
Urban areas are characterized by extensive commuting

86. Congestion 40% of all trips occur during rush hour
Most Americans still prefer car
1/3 of high priced central land devoted to streets and parking lots
Average American loses 36 hours per year in traffic and wastes 55 gallons of gas: Cost of congestion $1 billion per year
5% of work trips are by public transit
Public transit declined from 1940s

87. Public transportation
One exception to public transportation is rapid transit
Fixed heavy rail (subway) or fixed light rail (streetcars)
Chicago pioneer in heavy rail in median strips of expressways
Feds have allowed some cities to use interstate funds for rapid transit
Trolley (light rail transit) making a modest comeback

88. Service Versus Cost Transportation limits opportunities for low income
Many jobs in suburban areas
Public transportation struggles to meet costs: raise fares, patronage declines

89. Public transit in other countries
Extensive networks in Japan and Western Europe

90. Local Government Fragmentation
Difficult to solve issues of traffic, waste disposal and housing
Most metropolitan areas have council of government: cooperative agencies represent local governments
Canada: Federations: Split duties between local and regional
Several urban areas have consolidated city and county governments

91. Smart growth: produce a pattern of compact and contiguous development while protecting the environment

92. Public Transport in Brussels
Fig : Brussels illustrates the integration of heavy rail and light rail in public transport.