16. Peripheral Model

17. KI #3 Why Are Urban Areas Expanding?
Harris Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
Around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services called edge cities.
The edge cities originated as suburban residences for people who worked in the central cities and then shopping malls were built near the residents.
Many edge cities now contain manufacturing centers and office parks.

18. European City Model
FIGURE SECTORS IN PARIS, FRANCE Wealthier people live in the center and to the southwest sector, often above sidewalk cafés and other consumer services.

19. Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?
Applying the Models Outside North America
Applying the Models in Europe
Sectors
In Europe, the wealthy still live in the inner portions of the upper-class sector, not just in the suburbs like most of the affluent in the U.S.
Concentric Zones
In Europe, most of the newer housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apartment buildings for low-income people and recent immigrants, unlike the U.S.
American urban areas differ from those elsewhere in the world.

20. European City Model
FIGURE SECTORS IN PARIS, FRANCE Wealthier people live in the center and to the southwest sector, often above sidewalk cafés and other consumer services.

21. Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?
Stages of Cities in Developing Countries
Precolonial Cities
Before the Europeans established colonies, most people lived in rural settlements.
There were but a few principal cities in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
Examples
In present-day Mexico, the Aztecs built the city Tenochtitlan, where present-day Mexico City is located.
Colonial Cities
When European colonization gained control of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, they expanded the existing cities to provide colonial services.

22. Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?
Applying the Models Outside North America
Applying the Models in Developing Countries
The poor are accommodated in suburbs.
The wealthy live near the center of the city, as well as in a sector extending from the center.

23. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)

24. History
Latin American cities fell under the rule of Spain during the colonial era. As such, they all followed the same set of regulations and laws known as the Laws of the Indies. They allowed Spain to keep reign* over its colonies. One of the included requirements was for the cities to have a grid pattern established around a central plaza. The wealthy lived near the plaza while the poor lived along the outskirts. This would be the start of the similar patterns found in Latin American cities.
*that rhymed 
The Latin American City Model was created by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford, two geographers, in They determined that the organization of many cities in this region follow a similar pattern. Eventually, they released a revised model later in 1996 that we now use today.

25. The CBD (Central Business District) is where most of the business is focused. It is characterized by compact, high-building densities and high land cost. Many retail store, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated here. It also has the best infrastructure and many means of transportation.
The CBD and Market
The market is located on the other side of the CBD and is less industrialized. It is a traditional area for selling food and goods brought from outside the city (informal economy).

26. The Elite Residential Sector and Spine
The elite residential sector is the living area of the upper class and the upper-middle class. It has the best housing and forms closely on either side of the spine. The residents frequent the spine and have better services such as water and electricity.
The Elite Residential Sector and Spine
The Spine contains many amenities, offices, and shops attractive to the wealthy people. It is a narrow strip that juts out from the CBD. At the end is a mall or edge city for those in the elite sector.

27. The Zone of Maturity and Gentrification
The Zone of Maturity is located around the CBD. It has better housing, although not as good as around the spine, and is filled with middle-class residents who moved in after the wealthy moved into the elite residential sector. It has a fully developed infrastructure.
The Zone of Maturity and Gentrification
Gentrification occurs when middle-class residents move back into the inner city to fix the housing. It is located in the Zone of Maturity and helps increase property values.

28. The Zone of in situ Accretion and Middle-Class Residential
The zone of in situ accretion is a transitional area between the zone of maturity (higher class) and the periferico (lower class). It contains housing of modest quality and appears to be in a “constant state of on-going construction”. Homes and infrastructure are unfinished.
The Zone of in situ Accretion and Middle-Class Residential
Middle-Class residential is an outer semi ring on either side of the elite residential sector. It holds middle-class housing and clusters around an agglomeration, such as a mall.

29. The Disamenity and Peripheral Squatters
The Disamenity sticks out from the market like spokes on a wheel and goes through the zone of in situ accretion. It is one of the poorest parts of the city and is not connected to regular city services in some cases. It can be overrun by gangs and drug lords in extreme cases. It is also unique to Latin American cities.
The Disamenity and Peripheral Squatters
Outside the disamenity sector is the zone of peripheral squatter settlements. It is home to the poorest people of the cities. It lacks infrastructure and most people live there illegally.

30. The Periferico and the Industrial Park
A periferico, or ring highway, connects malls, edge cities, and industrial parks so residents and workers may travel between them easier. It is found encircling the zone of in situ accretion and disamenity sectors, seperating them from the zone of peripheral squatter settlements.
The Periferico and the Industrial Park
Now, many Latin American cities have an industrial area or park separate from the CBD. Residents from other sectors work there.

31. Example: Rio
Rio is an example of a city which the Griffin-Ford Model can be applied to. The CBD is located towards the south east. Surrounding the CBD to the east along the spine is the Elite residential area. Towards the west is the zone of maturity, and on the outskirts of town is the peripheral squatter settlements.

32. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)
not in book

33. The African City (de Blij model)
*not in book