The New England Colonies

The Puritans were a religious group who had hoped to reform the Church of England. The Puritans left England for several reasons: 1.The King disapproved of the Puritans and their ideas, so he cancelled Puritan business charters and had some Puritan leaders put in jail. 2.The Puritans believed that England had fallen on evil times. 3.They also wanted religious freedom.

 The Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Company. They persuaded the king to give them a charter.  They sailed to America and settled in Boston, Massachusetts in 1629.

 Even though the Puritans wanted religious freedom for themselves, they did not believe in religious tolerance.  Religious tolerance is the idea that people of different religions should live in peace together.  Those that did not agree with the Puritans were forced to leave.

Massachusetts

Founded: 1620 by the Pilgrims, escaping religious persecution by John Winthrop and others part of the Great Migration from the 1630s s,founded the Mass.Bay Colony "a City on a Hill" Reason for Founding: religious freedom Economy: small subsistence farms, fishing, corn, livestock, whaling, Manufacturing (lumbering, shipbuilding) Climate & Geography: cold winters, warm summers, rich pastures, sandy coast, thick forests, rocky soil Other Things You Should Know: Mayflower Compact in to create laws for the general good of the colony major port city: Boston - because of its deep natural harbor good for trade

Connecticut

 Thomas Hooker was a Puritan minister who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony because he thought that the governor and other officials had to much power.  In 1636, Hooker led 100 followers and founded a colony in Connecticut.  In this new colony, he wanted to setup a limited government, in which the leaders had limits set on their power.  So, Hooker and his followers set up a representative government called the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This new government set strict limits on the power of government and allowed all male property owners to vote. Thomas Hooker

Connecticut Founded: 1636 by Thomas Hooker Reason for Founding: believed government should be based on free consent. Wanted to set up a limited government Economy: small subsistence farms - growing enough to live and a little extra, grains, corn, fishing, whaling, shipping, lumber, cattle, iron Climate & Geography: cold winters, mild summers, forested hills, rocky soil Other Things You Should Know: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - first written plan of government (constitution) in America.

Another Puritan that was forced to leaver the Massachusetts Bay Colony was Roger Williams. His idea that the church and state should be separate angered many puritans. In 1636, Williams bought land from a near by Indian tribe and founded the colony of Rhode Island. Roger Williams

Anne Hutchinson Anne Hutchinson was an intelligent, strong willed, well-spoken women that challenged patriarchal control.( Male control of society) When Hutchinson’s opinions went against puritan teachings, she was put on trail. She was forced to leave Massachusetts after saying that she communicated directly with God. Hutchinson and her family moved to Rhode Island and later to New York, where she was killed in an Indian attack.

Founded: 1636 by Roger Williams accompanied by Anne Hutchinson, both dissenters from Mass. Bay Colony Reason for Founding: they believed in the right to have different religious faiths. Separation of church and state. Economy: small subsistence farms, livestock, dairy, fishing, Manufacturing (lumber, shipbuilding, whaling,) Climate & Geography: warm summers, cold snowy winters, coastal lowlands, rocky soil

Founded: 1638 by John Wheelwright and others Reason for Founding: to be a separate colony from Mass. Economy: small subsistence farms, fur, lumber, fishing, cattle, Manufacturing (textiles, shipbuilding) Climate & Geography: rocky soil, thick forests, cold winters, mild summers

 The land in the New England colonies was very rocky and poor for farming.  The climate is cold half of the year, so the growing season was short.  Because of these issues the economy in the New England colonies was based on shipbuilding, fishing, and forestry.

Mass. Conn.R.I. New Hampshire Key New England Colonies Map Forested hills/hilly textiles cattle lumber Trade/shipping whaling Warm summers Cold winters unorganized territory fishing William Bradford Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Thomas Hooker

Chapter 2 Section 4 The Middle Colonies

 In 1626, the Dutch set up the colony of New Netherlands. Settlers in the new colony became involved in the fur trade.  New Amsterdam became the most important city and a thriving port.

 In 1664, competition for trade and colonies increased between England and the Netherlands. The governor of the New Netherlands, Peter Stuyvesant, swore to defend his colony.  However, Stuyvesant was unpopular because of his harsh rule and high taxes. When English warships entered the harbor, the colonists refused to help. The English took over without a fight.  The King of England gave the New Netherlands to his brother, the Duke of York. He renamed the colony New York in honor of his brother.

New York

Founded: 1626 by the Dutch taken over by the English by the Duke of York Economy: shipbuilding, iron works, shipping for the slave trade, lumber, cattle, grains, Agricultural Type: large farms Climate and Geography: cold snowy winters, hot humid summers, wetlands along the coast & Hudson River, forested mountains to the north Other Things I Should Know: originally part of New Netherland, the English wanted New York for increased trade opportunities, one of the "Bread Basket Colonies“ Major port city: New York

 In England the Quakers were one of the most despised religious groups.  The Quakers were persecuted because of their beliefs. 1. Quakers thought men, women, and nobles were equal. 2. Quakers spoke out against war and refused to serve in the army. Persecution

 At age 22, William Penn a wealthy Englishman joined the Quakers.  He was a personal friend of King Charles II and managed to get the king to give him a royal charter to settle in North America.  In 1681, Penn and a group of Quakers sailed to North America and set up the colony of Pennsylvania. William Penn

 Penn and the Quakers came to North America for religious freedom. Penn welcomed settlers of different faiths and people from many different countries.  Penn also called for the fair treatment of Native Americans. Penn insisted that settlers pay for their land and not just take it from the Native Americans.

Pennsylvania

Founded: 1682 by William Penn a Quaker for religious freedom for his Quaker followers Economy: Agricultural Type: large farms wheat, corn, cattle, dairy, iron, merchants and tradesmen, shipbuilding Climate and Geography: cold winters, hot humid summers, rolling hills, fertile soil good for farming Other Things I Should Know: allowed other religions who were fleeing persecution, Quakers were the 1st abolitionists - they did not agree with slavery. One of the "Bread Basket Colonies." Benjamin Franklin the famous statesmen who signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution is from here, also he was a famous printer and inventor, came up with the Join or Die 1st political cartoon, during the French & Indian War.

 The Duke of York thought that New York was to big to govern easily. So he gave some of the land to his friends.  They set up a new colony and called it New Jersey. This was a proprietary colony and each year those in charge made a payment to the king.  Overtime more and more settlers came to New Jersey and the colony grew. In 1702, the King made New Jersey a royal colony.

New Jersey

Founded: 1664 by Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret to make New York into two different colonies Economy: ironworking, lumbering, grain, fishing, cattle, Agricultural Type: large farms Climate and Geography: hot humid summers, cold winters, rocky soil, hilly, fertile farmland Other Things I Should Know: One of the "Bread Basket Colonies"

Delaware

Founded: 1638 by William Penn and the Duke of York to get a direct outlet to the Atlantic Ocean Economy: Agricultural Type: large farms fishing, lumber, shipbuilding, grains, dairy products Climate and Geography: hot humid summers, mild winters, rich soil Other Things I Should Know: One of the "Bread Basket Colonies"

 Most settlers were farmers. They farmed large farms and their homes were far apart.  The farmers grew cash crop like wheat, barley, and rye. Cash crops are crops that are sold for money.  The Middle Colonies exported so much grain they became known as the Breadbasket Colonies.

Chapter 2 Section 5 The Southern Colonies

 In 1632, Sir George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I of England, so he could set up a colony for Catholics.  George Calvert died before he could start the colony. His son Cecil Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore, took over and set up the colony of Maryland in Lord Baltimore

 Wanting to guarantee Catholics the right to worship freely, in 1649 Lord Baltimore asked the government to pass an Act of Toleration.  The Act of Toleration was a law that provided religious freedom for all Christians living in Maryland.

Maryland Chesapeake Bay

Maryland Founded: 1633 by Lord Baltimore for Catholics Economy: shipbuilding, iron works, Cash Crop Agriculture plantation agriculture, tobacco, cattle, fishing, iron, lumber, oysters Climate and Geography: cold rainy winters, warm summers, low fertile land Other Things I Should Know: passed the Act of Toleration in 1649 providing religious freedom to all Christians. Major port city Baltimore.

Virginia

Founded: 1607 by John Smith and the London Company of Virginia seeking profit Economy: Cash Crop Agriculture plantation agriculture, tobacco, grains, fishing, cattle Climate and Geography: mild winters and hot humid summers, coastal lowlands, wooded mountains, rich soil Other Things I Should Know: had a self-governing government, House of Burgesses - 1st representative government in America

 North Carolina was settled by poor tobacco farmers from Virginia.  Tobacco is a crop that wears out the soil. Once the soil is out of nutrients very little will grow. So the farmers are forced to move to new areas. Tobacco Crop

 South Carolina was established by a group of 8 English nobles.  The largest settlement was Charles Town, which later became known as Charleston, SC.  On the plantations in South Carolina settlers grew rice and indigo.

North and South Carolina

Founded: 1653 by a group of 8 English nobles Economy: Cash Crop Agriculture plantation agriculture, rice, tobacco, cattle, lumber, * Climate and Geography: swampy lowlands, thick forests * Only in South Carolina add Indigo to the economy box and Charles town major port city to the Other Things I should Know box.

 In 1732, James Oglethorpe set up the colony of Georgia for debtors.  Debtors are people who owned money that they could not pay back.  In England, debtors were put in jail, which let to overcrowding or they lived on the streets, where they were considered a nuisance.

 Oglethorpe’s idea was to give debtors a fresh start in North America, where there were plenty of land and business opportunities.

Georgia

Founded: 1732 by James Oglethorpe Economy: Cash Crop Agriculture plantation agriculture, indigo, rice, sugar, lumber, grains, cattle Climate and Geography: short mild winters, hot humid summers, forested mountains Other Things I Should Know: founded for 2 reasons: as a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the English colonies -- to keep out the Florida Indians from raiding colonial villages and for debtors and poor people

 The economy in the Southern Colonies was based on Plantation Agriculture.  Most plantations were very large and usually located on the costal plains or next to a river. They are sometimes called Tidewater Plantations  Slaves worked on the plantations growing tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton.

 Southern colonies passed slave codes, which were laws that set rules for the slaves and treated the slaves as property.  Racism and discrimination were wide spread. Racism is the belief that one race is superior to another.

 There was a second way of life in the south. It was in the backcountry. Here the people lived and worked on small farms located in the rolling hills and thick forests of the Appalachian Mountains.  The people here grew garden crops and tobacco. They owned few slaves and did most of the work themselves. The Backcountry