Challenges & Changes in the Civil Rights Movement Chapter 21, Section 3

African Americans Seek Greater Equality Early 1960s Civil Rights Groups: – Call for pride in black identity – Commitment to change social and economic structures keeping people in poverty Mid-1960s: Civil Rights Groups Drifted Apart – Attention shifted to North – No legal segregation but deeply ingrained racial prejudice

Northern Segregation De Facto Segregation: – Exists by practice and custom – Can be harder to fight than de jure segregation (segregation by law) Civil Rights Groups in North = had to changed attitudes, not laws – Needed to convince whites to share economic and social power

De Facto Segregation Intensified as African Americans came to Northern cities Catalyst for “white flight” By mid-60s most African Americans lived in slums – Deteriorating schools – High unemployment compared to whites Brutal treatment of African Americans by all white police forces – King’s “Open City” campaign in Chicago – Stoned by 5 hostile whites

Urban Violence Erupts Between white authority and black civilians Spread across nation – NYC (Harlem) – LA (Watts) Why violence after so many victories for civil rights in the South? – African Americans wanted EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY in jobs, housing and education Detroit Race Riots 1967

Malcolm X: New Leader Voices Discontent Born Malcolm Little Jail at age 20 for burglary Studied teachings of Elijah Muhammad, head of Nation of Islam Became an Islamic minister in 1952 after release from prison Message: Whites were the cause of the black condition and should separate from white society – Supported armed self- defense Effects of Malcolm X’s Message: – 1. scared whites and moderate African- Americans – 2. caused resentment within the Nation of Islam Malcolm X Interview on the Philosophy of his movement Malcolm X Interview on the Philosophy of his movement Malcolm X and racial pride Malcolm X and racial pride