Click on a lesson name to select. Objectives 1.Describe how selective breeding is used to produce organisms with desired traits. 2.Compare inbreeding and hybridization. 3.Assess the genotypes of organisms using a Punnett square test cross 4.Describe how genetic engineering manipulates recombinant DNA 5.Compare selective breeding to genetic engineering 6.Summarize how genetic engineering can be used to improve human health

 The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding. Selective Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology German shepherd Service dog Husky Sled dog Saint Bernard Rescue dog 13.1 Applied Genetics Chapter 13

Selective Breeding in plants Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Hybridization Genetics and Biotechnology  Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.  time consuming and expensive Applied Genetics Chapter 13

Examples of hybridization in animals Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Inbreeding Genetics and Biotechnology  The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations  Pure breeds are maintained  Can be harmful because recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations Applied Genetics Chapter 13

Genetic Engineering  Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

 Genetically engineered organisms are used Genetics and Biotechnology  to study the expression of a particular gene.  to investigate cellular processes.  to study the development of a certain disease.  to select traits that might be beneficial to humans DNA Technology Genetically engineered bollworm Chapter 13

DNA Tools Genetics and Biotechnology  An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.  DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome DNA Technology Chapter 13

Restriction enzymes-proteins used to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cut that sequence -found in bacteria -helps isolate genes in an genome -ex. EcoR1

Gel Electrophoresis- an electric current is used to separate the DNA fragments according to size –animationanimation

Recombinant DNA Technology DNA that is made from two different organisms –Plasmids are small circular DNA that can be used as vectors –DNA ligase joins DNA fragments –animationanimation

Gene cloning-used to make large quantity of recombined plasmid DNA –Transformation-process in which bacterial cells take up recombinant DNA –animation

Sequences of DNA molecule for most organism are not known –Helps in cloning –Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make millions of copy of a known sequence

Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Biotechnology -the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to problems 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Animals  Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organismstransgenic organisms  Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.  Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Plants  resists insect infestation  resistant to a viruses  increased iron and vitamins 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13 Gene Splicing

Cloning –Cloning basicsCloning basics

 Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 The Human Genome Chapter 13

 A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause human diseases is called gene therapy.gene therapy. Genetics and Biotechnology  Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene The Human Genome Chapter 13

DNA Fingerprinting Genetics and Biotechnology  The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual.  involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual The Human Genome Chapter 13