1. Chapter 13 BIOTECHNOLOGY
(This is only a skeleton powerpoint…only the blank sections of notes are included. Please refer to your notes for all of the information!)

2. Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions

3. Embryonic Stem Cells
Capability of dividing into almost any cell if cells are separated (if not, they specialize into human structures)
VERY controversial! Why? Ethical concerns concerning source of cells (fatal to embryo)

4. Adult Stem Cells
Used to repair same kind of tissue that they come from
Very little controversy in using these
Can be obtained with consent of donor
Not lethal

5. Inbreeding Mating between closely related individuals
Breed: a selected group of organisms with a species that has been bred for particular characteristics

6. Hybrids The offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait
usually larger & stronger than parents
Eg: wheat, rice, corn, roses

7. How can you tell the genotype?
Test Cross
Usually homozygous recessive crossed with another

8. Genetic Engineering
Must cut (cleave) DNA from one organism into small fragments, and insert fragments into host organism of same/different species
Aka recombinant DNA technology
Made by connecting fragments of DNA from different sources

9. What is GFP? Green flourescent protein
Can be seen with ultraviolet light
What is its function?
To trace proteins/bacterial/viruses throughout an organism

10. What is an organism’s genome?
The total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell
Human genome: millions and millions of nucleotides

11. What are restriction enzymes?
proteins that recognize and bind specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence
What function do they serve?
aka endonuclease
-cuts viral DNA into fragments after it enters bacteria
One example: EcoRI

12. Gel Electrophoresis
Separates the DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments

13. What is transformation?
Process of bacterial cells taking up the recombinant plasmid DNA

14. Gene Cloning
Using recombinant DNA molecules as genetically identical copies of the original
Clones: genetically identical copies

15. Transgenic Organisms
Plants/animals that contain functional recombinant DNA
3 types:
Animals: mice, fruit flies, goats
-produce proteins, organs, test drugs
Plants: soybeans, corn, cotton
-insect/frost resistance, vaccines
Bacteria: insulin, growth hormone
-clean up oil spills, decompose garbage

16. Human Genome Project
International project to determine sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides that make up human DNA
Finished in 2003
Also identified the 23,299 genes

17. Less than 2% of human genome actually codes for proteins
All other areas are called non-coding sequences, because they do not have any function
But they are still unique to each individual

18. What’s the next step?
To identify the actual genes & their functions

19. DNA Fingerprinting
Process of separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct patterns that are unique to each individual

20. Gene Therapy
Technique used to correct mutated genes that cause human disease
Normal gene is inserted into chromosome to replace bad gene
Produces recombinant DNA that eventually takes over

21. Genomics
The study of an organism’s genome