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Georgia State Standard
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Georgia State Standard SB2f – Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, & agriculture.
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Precursors to Genetic Engineering Throughout history, humans have found ways to manipulate the traits of organisms, all of which lead to what we call genetic engineering today.
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Precursors: Selective Breeding
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Precursors: Selective Breeding The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding. Saint Bernard Rescue dog Husky Sled dog German shepherd Service dog
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Precursors: Hybridization Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster. A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive.
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Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Precursors: Inbreeding The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding. A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations. Ex: Dog breeds are kept pure by inbreeding
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Precursors: Test Cross A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Genetic Engineering Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.
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Genetically engineered organisms are used
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Genetically engineered organisms are used to study the expression of a particular gene. to investigate cellular processes. to study the development of a certain disease. Genetically engineered bollworm to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
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An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell. DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.
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DNA Tools: Restriction Enzymes
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools: Restriction Enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence. Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.
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The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools: Gel Electrophoresis An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis. When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel. The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
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Gel Electrophoresis Cont’d
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Gel electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis Cont’d The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification of people. This is called DNA Fingerprinting. It is the noncoding portions of our DNA that make our DNA fingerprint unique
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Coded DNA contains specific instructions.
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Non-coded DNA is nonsense.
AaaljdfljfjidsdzfsmsdfiskfjzozsofifaasidfnadsfionasdfoiasdfncoifainafbidaruzzxicngigaosdinandsfdsaasjdkhzoiuhvbduaiusdvbasdivubadsvAaaljdfljfjidsdzfsmsdfiskfjzozsofifaasidfnadsfionasdfoiasdfncoifainafbidaruzzxicngigaosdinandsfdsaasjdkhzoiuhvbduaiusdvbasdivubadsv
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DNA Fingerprinting Example
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DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA A newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.
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Recombinant DNA Cont’d
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Recombinant DNA Cont’d Recombinant DNA is used in bacteria to mass produce human insulin for diabetics and to clean up oil spills. Recombinant DNA is used in sheep to mass produce a human protein to treat cystic fibrosis.
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DNA Tools: Used to copy a DNA sample for any scientific investigation including forensic analysis and medical testing PCR takes approximately two hours. This automated process bypasses the need to use bacteria for amplifying DNA.
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DNA Tools: Cloning http://learn. genetics. utah
Cloning - Using the DNA of one organism to create and identical copy Steps: Isolate donor cells (from who you will be cloning) Remove nucleus from donor egg Transfer nucleus from donor cells into donor egg Stimulate cell division Implant embryo into surrogate mother New organism will be born
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Organisms Organisms that have been genetically engineered by receiving one or more genes from another organism.
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Animals Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research, often to study the function of different traits. Commonly used animals - Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans
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Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Transgenic Plants Biologists use DNA technology to produce plants with many desirable traits. Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls. Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest. Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.
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Which statement is not true of hybridization?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which statement is not true of hybridization? It is relatively inexpensive to perform. It produces offspring with specific traits. It crosses a parent organism with different forms of a trait. It can take a long time to be successful. A B C D CDQ 1
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Name the process that scientists use to
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size. genetic engineering gel electrophoresis cleaving selective breeding A B C D CDQ 2
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Select the process in which one type of
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium. cloning sequencing transformation manipulation A B C D CDQ 3
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Which term explains how humans have been
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats? homogenization inbreeding selective breeding test crossing A B C D FQ 1
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle? A B C D cross breed hybrid outbred purebred FQ 2
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Harmful recessive traits can be passed
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______. hybridization inbreeding line breeding out crossing A B C D FQ 3
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1 Formative Questions Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross? to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive to determine the phenotype of the plants to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive alleles to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant or heterozygous A B C D FQ 4
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What is the name for the technology that
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism? bioengineering cloning genetic engineering transgenics A B C D FQ 5
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Which type of protein can recognize specific
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence? DNA ligase polymerase restriction enzyme transcriptase A B C D FQ 6
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Which process separates DNA fragments
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology? DNA fragmentation gel electrophoresis transgenic cloning polymerase chain reaction A B C D FQ 7
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A DNA molecule that has had genes from
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______. complementary DNA exogenous DNA genomic DNA recombinant DNA A B C D FQ 8
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 Formative Questions Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists? It can be used to identify errors in DNA sequences and predict the function of genes. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sample and make millions of copies of it. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically engineered organisms. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with other DNA fragments. A B C D FQ 9
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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed. True Fasle A B FQ 10
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Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual? the noncoding sequences the regions that code for proteins the sections that contain genes the genes that code for fingerprints A B C D FQ 11
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Which field of study involves the careful
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences? algorithms bioanalysis bioinformatics microarray analysis A B C D FQ 12
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If the genome represents the words in a
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology 13.3 Formative Questions If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______. haplotype chromosome DNA proteome A B C D FQ 13
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Look at the following image. These are the results of what process?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following image. These are the results of what process? Answer: a test cross CAQ 1
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What is the role of the molecule shown in DNA cloning?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions What is the role of the molecule shown in DNA cloning? to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell to identify the source of DNA as foreign to identify the host cell that has taken up the gene of interest to make the foreign DNA susceptible to digestion with enzymes A B C D CAQ 2
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All are homozygous recessive. All are heterozygous.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Chapter Assessment Questions What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right? 1:2:1 1:1 All are homozygous recessive. All are heterozygous. A B C D CAQ 3
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BB Bb bb bW Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white? BB Bb bb bW A B C D STP 1
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Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice How do researchers distinguish between the bacterial cells that contain the recombinant DNA and those that do not? They observe the two types of cells under a microscope. They tag the recombinant DNA with fluorescent dye. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells that do not contain recombinant DNA. They use gel electrophoresis to separate the cells containing recombinant DNA. A B C D STP 2
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Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms? animals that can produce organs for organ transplants animals that can secrete enzymes that are useful to humans bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage plants that are resistant to insects and viruses A B C D STP 3
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Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Which transgenic species could pose a potential threat to other organisms? bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics chickens and turkeys that are resistant to diseases cotton that is resistant to herbicides and infection goats that secrete a protein used to prevent human blood from forming clots A B C D STP 4
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Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy? The clinical trials affect the body’s response to drugs. There is a risk of producing a transgenic human. Inserting genes is done by a virus that infects the patient’s cells. Doctors are able to take advantage of genetic variations on chromosomes. A B C D STP 5
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