1. Chapter 13
Applying Genetics

2. Selective Breeding Breed only animals with a desired trait
Ex: Chihuahua, Dairy Cows, Mr. Johnston
Saint Bernard
Rescue dog
Husky
Sled dog
German shepherd
Service dog

3. Hybridization Be more disease-resistant Produce more offspring
Mixing strains/breeds/species
Hybrids may:
Be more disease-resistant
Produce more offspring
Grow faster
Be expensive/time-consuming to make

4. Inbreeding Not what family reunions are meant for
Amplifies gene frequency: good or bad
Used for creating/maintaining new breeds
Is inbreeding evil?

5. Test Crossing Discover genotype of organism w/ dominant phenotype
Breed with homo rec.
If any offspring are rec…

6. Genetic Engineering (13-2)
Insert DNA from 1 organism into another (exogenous DNA)
Why? To make glowing cats.

7. Why really? Give beneficial traits to animals Cure genetic disorders
Study genes, cell processes
Genetically engineered bollworm

8. Genomes
Total DNA in a cell
Can be manipulated
Add/remove genes

9. DNA Tech (13-2) Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Gel electrophoresis separates pieces by size to make DNA fingerprint
Paternity/forensics
PCR amplifies DNA
We are also able to sequence DNA

12. Biotechnology (13-3) Transgenic organisms: genetically engineered
Add gene from other organism
Not hybrids (ex. bear-owl)
Commonly use mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

13. Transgenic Plants Cotton resistant to insects
Sweet potato resistant to viruses
Rice with more Iron/vitamins
Increase yield or nutrition
Well intentioned
Gene Splicing

14. Human Genome Project Sequence human’s 3 billion nucleotides
Find all ~20,000 genes
<2% DNA codes for protein
Many noncoding/repeat sections
Coding segments usually identical, noncoding vary, used for DNA fingerprint
Identify genes (start and stop codons)
Allows Genetic tests

15. DNA Microarrays Converts mRNA from sample to marked cDNA
cDNA = gene – introns
cDNA sticks to complementary DNA on chip
cDNA and chip DNA are single stranded
Chip contains possible cDNA sequences of organism
Marks show best at most expressed genes on biochip (microarray)

16. Why microarray? Identifies changes due to disease, SNP’s, etc. SNP?
Single nucleotide polymorphism
1 nucleotide added, removed, or switched
Accounts for almost all differences in a species
Usually has no visible effect (intronic or same amino acid)

17. Omics Genomics Proteomics Pharmacogenomics Gene therapy Bioinformatics
Study of the genome
Proteomics
Study of protein structure/function in humans
Pharmacogenomics
Study of genetics impact of drug effects
Gene therapy
Attempt to fix damaged/faulty DNA
Uses a genetically engineered virus to insert DNA
Bioinformatics
Attempts to catalog & store biological info like genes, alleles…

18. Cloning Transfer DNA from adult cell to fertilized egg
Activate fertilized egg
Implant embryo (In Vitro Fertilization)
Most clones die/have issues
Clones are essentially an identical twin of the parent
Clones have no shared knowledge, and can look somewhat different