Chapter 10 Review Mr. Klein

Election of 1800 Election had the Federalist John Adams vs. Republican Thomas Jefferson. Campaign was very bitter and used newspapers to get the candidates message out. Federalists said Jefferson was “Godless” and Republicans said Federalists would bring back monarchy. Jefferson wins but in electoral college Jefferson and Burr are tied with 73 votes sending election to House of Representatives. Federalists wanted to keep Jefferson out of presidency and after 35 ballots Jefferson finally won. To avoid this in the future the 12 amendment is passed so that electors just cast one vote for the president.

Jefferson’s Presidency In inauguration Jefferson promises a wise and frugal government and to support state governments in all their rights. He wanted to limit the power and size of federal government. Jefferson surrounded himself with people that had similar views. Limited amount of federal employees, eliminated most federal taxes. Made money on customs duties and the sale of western lands.

Rise of the Supreme Court Before leaving office Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint “midnight judges” before leaving office. Also appoints John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme Court. Marshall establishes three principles of judicial review: 1. Constitution is supreme law of the land, 2. If conflict with any other law then Constitution must be followed, 3. Judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional. In his 34 years as chief justice Marshall helped broaden power of the court. Also helped expand power of federal government by ruling congress does have implied powers, federal law overrules state laws in disputes involving more than one state. Only federal government can regulate Native Americans.

Expanding West Settlers and pioneers keep pushing west for more land. Napoleon has to send troops to Santo Domingo and needs money for his European wars. Agrees to sell Louisiana territory to U.S. for $15 million. Lewis & Clark lead an expedition across continent to establish contact with Native Americans and explore new territory. Contact many tribes and helped by Sacagawea go to Pacific ocean and back. Zebulon Pike leads expeditions exploring south. Federalists are upset by purchase and contemplate secession. Aaron Burr is linked and Hamilton accuses him of treason. Burr kills Hamilton in a duel.

Conflict abroad American merchants take advantage of war between England and France for big profits. Pirates from Barbary states prey on American ships leading to conflict. They demand tribute to not attack American shipping. Jefferson refused and after some conflict a peace treaty is signed. British and French begin seizing American merchants that trade with the other country. British impress American sailors. British ship Leopard fires on American ship Chesapeake. In response Jefferson passes Embargo act in Embargo is a disaster for the United States from lack of trade and growth of unemployment.

James Madison & Conflict at home In 1808 James Madison becomes president winning the election handily vs. Charles Pinckney. French and British continued to prey on Americans shipping leaving Americans divided on who the enemy was. Settlers kept moving into Native American lands. Tecumseh wanted to unite all the tribes against the U.S. William Henry Harrison warned Tecumseh and attacked Prophetstown. The battle of Tippecanoe was a victory for Americans but Tecumseh got away and joined the British. Young Republicans known as War Hawks pushed for war. Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain.

War of 1812 U.S. wasn’t prepared for war, army was small and poorly trained, commanders were inexperienced and not everyone supported the war. Hull surrendered Detroit and other invasions of Canada failed. U.S. Navy was more successful and Perry won a naval battle on Lake Erie. With the lake in American hands Harrison attacked and at the Battle of Thames Tecumseh was killed. U.S. attacked York and burnt their parliament but Britain still controlled Canada. Jackson defeats the Creeks in the South. British burn Washington D.C. but are held at Fort McHenry near Baltimore.

War of 1812 continued U.S. naval force wins a key battle on Lake Champlain that forces a British invading army to turn back. This battle convinces British that the war is too costly and unnecessary Treaty of Ghent is signed ending the war. Before news of treaty reached U.S. Americans defeat a British force at New Orleans. This battle makes the leader Andrew Jackson a national hero. Federalists opposition to war leads to a loss of respect for the party after the war and ends their political influence. War hawks become leaders of Republican party, favor trade, expansion, strong military and economy. War increased identity of nation and respect from other nations around the world.