1 Chapter : Languages Language Change - gradual, accumulative but sometimes massive and abrupt.(English gained 10,000 words from Norman conquerors of 11th century, 12,000 words added during Indians add 220 words,.. Chinese written languages changed after communist took over China)

2 Story of English (fig 5.8) An offsring of proto-Germanic, from Jutes, Angles, and Saxons in the 5th/6th centuries In 9/10 th centuries, West Saxon dialect emerged as Standard Old English Norman conquest made French as the language of government. (center moved to London from Manchester) 15/16th centuries, London English is the standard Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (1755) helped establish norms of proper form and usage Colonization brought English to other parts of the world 60 countries’ standard language (fig5.9)

3 Standard Languages French,Chinese,Russian,Spanish, Oxford English, Italian, India,,,, Dialect - “My Fair Lady”, Social dialects - represent social class and educational level, vernacular language Higher socioeconomic/edu status – more likely follow the norms of their std. lang vs. vernacular Male vs. Female language (pg 154) Isogloss - boundary between dialects (fig 5.10) Three major dialect regions in the US(fig 5.11)

4 Dialects in America

5 Pidgin and Creoles Pidgin - simplified/ a second language for everyone who uses it. not a mother tongue of any established one. When become the first language, it is called “creole” - with more complex grammatical structure and enhanced vocabulary. Swahili - pidgin from Bantu, from east African coastal area, spread by trade, Kenya/Tanzania’s national languages Lingua Franca - established language used habitually for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensive. Africa - the place with the most lingua Franca (fig 5.13)

6 Nigeria -With 3 major regional languages (Huasa, Yoruba and Ibo), more than a dozen spoken by 1 to 5 million and 230 lessor tonegues 100 million population, adopted English as official language which doesn’t make too much sense if the kids plunge into the society after the six year elementary school with English learning environment Hausa Ibo Yoruba

7 Language/Territoriality/Identity Focus of separatist movements Earlier ban on local dialects, Basque and Catalan in NE Spain. Wales (Walsh) in England. Higher tolerance and encouragement seen recently. India - Pakistan - Sri Lanka: difference in Language/Religion, Tamil of Dravidian speakers

8 The Language of India Indo-European and Dravidian family Three exceptional areas 1) Northwest –Tibetan speakers 2) border with Maynmar (Burma) – Naga (Burmese) speakers and 3) east – small groups of Austro-Asiatic speakers 15 Major languages (11 Indo-European), and 1600 lesser languages Four Dravidian languages in south of Indian Peninsula, there were older and “pushed” southward by Indo-European, 80 mi. speaks Telugu, 75 mi.-Tamil, 35 mil.-Karnataka and 35 mi- Malayalam Hindi – spoken by 300 million – Indo-European

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10 Afghanistan Pashtun - 60 tribes Tajik:Mostly Sunni, famous for melons and fruits Uzbek:most religious groups. Follow traditions such as early marriage for young girl, bride- price.. Hazara:Mongol descent source of data: cnn.com, 12/07/2001 Pashtun