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Published byMyra Eaton Modified over 8 years ago
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Languages
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1. Language An organized system of spoken (and usually written) words which give people the ability to communicate
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Language a.Currently there are approximately 6,000 living (used in everyday speech and continuing to evolve) languages in the world b.Africa and Asia contain the most linguistic diversity (India has > 800 and Papua New Guinea > 1,000 languages!) c.Can be used to unify or divide a country d.Linguistic Diversity: The knowledge (individuals) or use (societies) of more than one language
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Types of Languages
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a. Standard language: The accepted community norms of syntax (grammar), vocabulary, and pronunciation
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b. Vernacular: Nonstandard language or dialect adopted by a social group
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c. Dialects: Regional variations of a dominant language 1)Example: American, South African, Australian, and British English 2)Since the Revolutionary War, America has had three major dialects: Northern, Southern, and Midland 3)There are also sub-dialects, such as Bostonian, Cajun, and Appalachia (US)
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d. Isogloss: Borders of individual words or pronunciations 1) No two words have identical isoglosses but tend to “bundle,” forming dialect boundaries 2) Examples: soda vs. pop; “you guys” vs. “y’all”
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e. Slang: Words and phrases that are not a part of a standard, recognized vocabulary for a given language
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f. Pidgin: A language with a small vocabulary and simple syntax derived from two or more languages used for trading purposes
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Pidgin Languages Map
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g. Creole: A complete language resulting from the blend of two or more languages (often can’t be understood by speakers of the original languages!)
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Major Creole Languages 1)Creole (French and African languages) 2)Cajun (French and English) 3)Swahili (Bantu, Arabic, and Persian) 4)Afrikaans (English and Dutch)
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h. Lingua Franca: A language of communication and commerce used over a wide area where it is not the mother tongue Swahili in East Africa, Russian in former Soviet Union, Chinese in SE Asia, English globally
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i. Extinct languages 1) Thousands of languages are already extinct due to migration, colonization, and conquest as small indigenous populations died out or adopted the dominant culture’s language 2) 90% (5400) of the current living languages are expected to be extinct by the end of the century
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3) Eventually the world will be dominated by five megalanguages: Language % of world population # of countries it is an official language Chinese12%3 Spanish5%21 English5%53 + UN,EU Hindi3%5 Arabic3%25
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4) Hebrew: Became extinct as a living language in the 4 th century BC but was revived when Israel became a modern state in 1948
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j. Isolated language: A language unrelated to any other and, therefore, not attached to any language family (Example: Basque )
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3. Official Language The required language of all official and semiofficial public and private activities in a country (schools, government, etc.)
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Dark Blue: English is official language Light blue: Two official languages
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a. Multilingual Country: State with more than one official languages Purple = Multiple official languages Green = Single official language, functionally multilingual Blue = No official language, functionally multilingual
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1) Canada: French and English are the official languages
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2) Belgium: Divided into two independent regions because of language a) Wallonia (South) speaks French b) Flanders (North) speaks a variation of Dutch called Flemish
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3) Switzerland: German, French, Italian, and Romansh are all official languages
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4) Nigeria English is the official language, but more than 230 languages are spoken (Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo the largest)
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b. Monolingual country: Nation with only one official language which is used exclusively throughout the country (Ex: Japan, Iceland)
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