© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 2 Organizing Public Security in the United States 2-1

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction  The public security industry is enormous, expanding every year  U.S. security industry spends an immense amount of money and provides jobs for millions of people  The security industry operates on all governmental levels  Local level (villages, towns, counties, tribes, and cities), state level, and federal level  There are a vast number of various law enforcement jobs from which to choose 2-2

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The U.S. Public Security Industry  Extremely complex and expensive undertaking  U.S. approach to law enforcement is unique  Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments (local control)  LEMAS program gives statistical reports  Sworn law enforcement employee average of 2.51 per 1000 citizens  Many employment opportunities in U.S. law enforcement at the federal, state, and local levels 2-3

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement METROPOLITAN LAW ENFORCEMENT  Most officers primarily perform patrol duties  Spending more time on antiterrorism duties  Larger metropolitan areas have overlapping jurisdictions  Special jurisdiction agencies 4

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement COUNTY LAW ENFORCEMENT  Patrolled by a sheriff’s department  Duties of a county sheriff’s office vary  Several different types  L.A. Sheriff’s Dept.  Largest  Contracts services 5

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement RURAL AND SMALL-TOWN LAW ENFORCEMENT  Serious problems because of their size  No immediate backup  Locally made methamphetamine  Gangs becoming a problem  Changing demographics  Mostly short-lived, dissipate quickly 6

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement INDIAN COUNTRY AND TRIBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT  First regulated by the U.S. Army  Jurisdictional confusion  Governmental power to make or enforce laws in Indian country is divided  Federal governments  State governments  Tribal governments 7

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement CAMPUS LAW ENFORCEMENT  Nearly all public campuses use sworn officers  Working relationships with local law enforcement  Nearly all provide 24-hour patrol services  Blue-light emergency phones 8

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Local Law Enforcement LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION  Cooperation with federal immigration officials  “Don’t ask” policies  Sanctuary cities  Police Foundation report (2009) 9

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Law Enforcement in the Era of Reduced Budgets  2008 recession  Levels of government fighting for financial resources  Public still demands same level of service  Growing importance of volunteers and technology 10

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. State Law Enforcement  49 states have a primary enforcement agency  Hawaii uses several statewide agencies  Generally patrol small towns and state highways  Responsible for enforcing some state laws  Centralized model of state law enforcement  Decentralized model of state law enforcement 11

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Question  Law enforcement in the United States has developed over the years based on a philosophy of local control. Discuss how this is different than most other countries. Do you agree or disagree with this philosophy? 12

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE  Legal and prosecutorial arm of the U.S. government  National Institute of Justice (NIJ)  National Criminal Justice Reference System (NCJRS) 13

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (continued)  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)  Identification Division  National Crime Information Center (NCIC)  FBI Crime Laboratory  Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)  National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)  Investigatory Activities 14

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (continued)  Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)  U.S. Marshals Service  Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)  Operation Fast and Furious  Guns walking across Mexico–U.S. border  Straw buyers 15

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Question  How does the Federal Bureau of Investigation fit into policing in the United States? Is it a national police force? Why or why not? 16

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY  Internal Revenue Service (IRS)  Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture (EOAF)  Executive Office for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crime (EOTF/FC)  Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC)  Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) 17

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY  Established in March 2003  Merged 22 previously disparate domestic agencies  Protection against further terrorist attacks  U.S. Secret Service 18

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR  Law enforcement for the property under its purview  Protects most of the nation’s historic icons  Agents known as commissioned park rangers  2008 report by Inspector General  Agency is understaffed  Important sites are weakly guarded 19

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE  Each branch has its own law enforcement agency  Army’s Criminal Investigation Division (CID)  Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCID)  Air Force Office of Special Investigations (OSI) 20

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement U.S. POSTAL SERVICE  Postal Inspections Division  Postal Inspectors  Criminal investigations  More than 200 federal statutes 21

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement OTHER FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES  Food and Drug Administration  U.S. Supreme Court  U.S. Capitol Police  U.S. Mint  Many others 22

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Federal Law Enforcement JOINT FEDERAL AND LOCAL TASK FORCE APPROACH TO LAW ENFORCEMENT  Joint federal and local task forces  Innovative approach  Temporary assignments  Particular crimes  Knowledge of local area  Federal resources 23

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. International Police  Interpol  Worldwide organization  Established for cooperation among nations  Founded in 1923  United States became a member in 1938  Main function is informational  Headquartered in France 24

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Question  What is the main function of Interpol? Is it an investigative agency? Is it an enforcement agency? 25

© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary  Local, state, and federal criminal justice agencies employ about 2.4 million people.  Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of local governments.  The United States does not have a national police force, unlike most other countries.  The U.S. law enforcement industry is enormous in both size and scope.  Local, state, and private agencies reengineered themselves to address the need for homeland defense. 26