The Plant Kingdom

Agenda Take up homework from yesterday. Review material from yesterday Lesson 3.2 The Plant Kingdom Vocabulary Read text pages Complete Learning Check: page 97 #7, 9, 10, 12 page 101 #13, 14, 15 Review Questions page 104 #9

Learning Goals Students will define the following terms: bryophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm, cone, flower, fruit, monocot, and dicot. Students will describe the features of non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants and Seed-producing vascular plants. Students will list and differentiate between the 3 different types of Bryophytes. Students will discuss the Life Cycle of Bryophytes. Students will list and differentiate between the 4 different types of seedless vascular plants. Students will discuss the Fern life cycle. Students will list and differentiate between the 2 types of seed- producing vascular plants. Students will label the parts of a plant.

Summary All Plants are autotrophs that produce food by photosynthesis. cell walls composed of cellulose. non-motile eukaryotic multicellular. Plants are loosely organized into 4 groups based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds.

Features of Non-vascular Plants: Bryophytes 1. Do not have vascular tissue 2. Dependent on diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients 3. Grow in mats of low tangled vegetation that holds water like a sponge 4. No roots- instead they have small root-like structure called rhizoids 5. Conquered land and covered the barren ground 460 million years ago 6. Include 3 phyla: Mosses Liverworts Hornworts

BryophyteDescriptionImportance Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)-short vertical stems with leaf-like structures -usually only one cell thick -thrive in bogs, tundra and shaded areas -second most diverse group of plants -Sphagnum moss often the most abundant biomass in the bogs of boreal Canada. -peat is harvested for use in gardens and for burning. -Aboriginal peoples have used it for diapers,to mark trails,and as a cleaning agent. Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta ) -appear as leafy stems or small flattened blades -one cell thick -more horizontal growth form than mosses -must grow in moist,shady places on rocks, trees, rotten wood, and soil -one the first organisms that colonize disturbed areas. -help reduce soil erosion and serve as food for animals. -good for study the evolution of plants since their DNA is the most like green algae Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)-similar to liverworts but have just one chloroplast per cell -sporophyte grows as a long horn-like extension -live on tree trunks, riverbanks and other moist areas -play a role in nutrient cycling in ecosystems -only about 100 species -few species are threatened -could have pharmaceutical potential

Bryophyte Life Cycle Bryophytes exhibit alternation of generations but the gametophyte is the larger, longer-lasting dominant form.

A. The gametophyte generation produces sporophytes that grow up on tall stalks above the gametophyte. B. Within the end capsule of the sporophyte spores are produced through meiosis. Spores are released when the capsule bursts and they disperse with the wind. The spore geminates on the ground and develops into male or female gametophyte C. The female gametophyte develops an archegonium which is the structure that produces eggs. ( egg – haploid, n) D. The male gametophyte develops an antheridium, which is the structure that produces sperm. (sperm-haploid, n) E. The antheridium releases the sperm which swim to the archegonium and fertilization takes place. F. A zygote is produced which undergoes mitosis and forms a new sporophyte.

Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns and related phyla formed the first forest about 350 million years ago. Once plants evolved the ability to transport nutrients through specific tissues, their height increased. The sporophyte generation was the dominant stage in their life cycle. Their gametophytes were tiny short-lived structures that depended on moisture to allow sexual reproduction. Seedless vascular plants include whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails and ferns

Whisk Ferns Grow in moist tropical environs Do not have leaves or roots Photosynthesis carried out by stem Spores dispersed by wind Only 3 known species Club Mosses Common in moist woodlands but most round in tropics Have small needle-like leaves Produce wind-dispersed spores that form in compact clusters of leaves at the end of the stem 100 species Oldest living group of vascular plants Horsetails Common in moist and temperate areas Have hollow stems with scale- like leaves that grow from nodes (joints) along the stem The ends of stems produce spores like club mosses 50 species Commonly called scouring rushes Useful for scrubbing pots and polishing wood Ferns Inhabit, warm, moist. cool and dry environments Have roots, stems, and leaves In most species the leaves appear as a curled form called a fiddlehead 10,000 species Range in size from5 cm to 10 m

Life Cycle of the Fern A sporangium produces haploid spores that germinate to form a gametophyte called a prothallus The prothallus produces antheridia (male organs and archegonia (female organs) The fertilized egg begins to grow into a sporophyte The sporophyte matures and roots and fronds develop out of the growing rhizome Spores form by meiosis Sperm from the antheridia swim via a droplet of water to an egg produced by the archegonium

Seed-producing Vascular Plants There are two distinct groups of seed-producing plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms have non-enclosed seeds, Angiosperms enclose their seeds in protective tissue. Reproduction with seeds is useful to plants because they: Allow sexual reproduction without water Provide protection for the embryo Can survive many years without water Can survive colder temperatures Can be dispersed away from the parent plant.

Gymnosperms Most are evergreen and perform photosynthesis year-round. Gymnosperms often inhabit environments that are too dry, cold, or hot for angiosperms. The soft male cones of gymnosperm produce pollen (gametophytes). The harder female cones produce eggs that are exposed on the surface of cone scales. The wind carries the pollen to fertilize the eggs.

Gymnosperms: disperse by means of seeds reproduce sexually without needing water have seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales gymnosperm means ‘naked seed’ includes cone-bearing trees: pines, firs, spruce, yew, cedars, redwood and many other large trees. Also includes the cycadophytes and ginkgophytes. A) Coniferous trees produce seeds on the surface of cone scales, making them a target for animals such as birds. (B) Cycadophytes are short, palm-like trees with scaly trunks, but they are not closely related to palms. (C) Ginkgo biloba is the only living species in the ginkgophyte group.

Angiosperms The angiosperm group is also extremely diverse and includes over species. Known as the flowering plants, they protect their seeds in fruits and reproduce using flowers. They also use pollen grain gametophytes to carry the male gamete to the egg, which is situated deep in the flower. They a ppeared on earth more than 150 million years ago. Angiosperms include most non-coniferous trees, such as (A) birch trees, showy flowers, such as (B) prairie roses, and food crops such as (C) wheat. All use flowers to produce enclosed seeds.

Angiosperms The flower is a specialized structure for sexual reproduction. The male gametophyte is in the form of a pollen grain Angiosperms such as grass and some trees have small uncoloured flowers. They use wind to transport pollen Others have large colourful flowers or have attractive odours or food rewards. These attract animals that transport the pollen. Large colourful flowers that produce nectar often attract birds like hummingbirds The carrion flower smells like rotting flesh and attracts insects such as flies. Bats transfer pollen grains when they stick to their fur.

The Flower Stamen- the male reproductive organ Includes: 1.anther where pollen is produced and stored 2. pollen – cases that contain male gametes 3. filament stalk - supports the anther Pistil- female reproductive organ Includes: 1.Stigma -the sticky lip of the carpel that captures pollen grains 2.Style – stalk that supports the stigma 3.Ovary-swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules 4.Ovules- sacs that contain female gametes Stamen Sepals- surround and protect the flower bud Petals- colourful structures that attract pollinators

Classification of Angiosperms Angiosperms are divided into two groups bases on the structure called a seed leaf or cotyledon. Cotyledon- a structure in the embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it starts to grow Angiosperms that have embryos with: one cotyledon is called a monocot two cotyledons is called a dicot Monocot- i.e. corn orchids, onions Dicots- i.e. dandelions, crab apples and maple trees Type of Angiosperm Seed LeavesVeins in LeavesVascular Bundles in Stems Flower Parts Monocots One cotyledonUsually parallelscatteredMultiples of 3 Dicots Two cotyledonsUsually net-likeArranged in a ringMultiples of 4 and 5

The Difference Between Monocots and Dicots

Fruits Fruits are also specialized structures for seed protection. They range in morphology to disperse seeds successfully. Some attract animals that eat them and then excrete them in another location Are adapted to stick on fur Are protective enclosures for seeds that are dispersed by water Seeds are dispersed through different types of fruits.

Success Criteria I am able to define the following terms: bryophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm, cone, flower, fruit, monocot, and dicot. I am able to describe the features of non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants and Seed-producing vascular plants. I am able to list and differentiate between the 3 different types of Bryophytes. I have discussed the Life Cycle of Bryophytes. I am able to list and differentiate between the 4 different types of seedless vascular plants. I have discussed the Fern life cycle. I am able to list and differentiate between the 2 types of seed- producing vascular plants. I am able to label the parts of a plant.