1 RISE OF MAJOR CITIES NEW INVENTIONS NEWSPAPERS ADVERTISING DISCRIMINATION

2 URBAN STREET SCENE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY

3 NEW INVENTIONS MADE RAPID URBAN GROWTH POSSIBLE

4 HENRY BESSEMER INVENTOR OF THE BESSEMER PROCESS MAKING STEEL USING THE BESSEMER PROCESS

5 PASSENGER ELEVATOR MADE WORKING AND DOING BUSINESS IN TALL BUILDINGS MUCH EASIER ELISHA OTIS, INVENTOR OF THE FIRST PASSENGER ELEVATOR

6 RAPID TRANSIT IN THE 19 TH CENTURY

7 MASS TRANSPORTATION MOVES UNDERGROUND WITH THE FIRST SUBWAYS

8 BROOKLYN BRIDGE BROOKLYN BRIDGE, 1883, LONGEST STEEL SUSPENSION BRIDGE IN THE WORLD, 1600 FEET. ALLOWED NEW YORK TO EXPAND AND BECOME THE RICHEST AND LARGEST CITY IN THE UNITED STATES.

9 LATE 19 TH CENTURY SKYSCRAPER BY THE ARCHITECT LOUIS SULLIVAN

10 THE WHOLE FAMILY WORKS TO MAKE ENDS MEET, 1908

11 EDUCATION WAS NOT mandatory AND MOST CHILDREN WORKED IN FACTORIES

12 NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES ADVERTISING NEW PRODUCTS LEISURE TIME ACTIVITIES

13 LINOTYPE MACHINES

14 Mass Circulation Newspapers Joseph Pulitzer, 1883, New York World developed large Sunday editions sin, sex, and sensation sells newspapers William Randolph Hearst, 1895, New York Journal Sensationalized scandals, cruelty, Mars

15 Advertising

16 Catalogs and RFD-reached rural areas Montgomery Ward, 1872 Sears and Roebuck, 1890

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20 NEW TECHNOLOGIES CREATED CONVENIENCES: ICE BOX AD

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22 SCHOOLS RAPIDLY GREW IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY

23 AMERICANS BEGAN TO HAVE LEISURE TIME

24 SPORTS BECAME ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL AMERICANS

African Americans and Higher Education Booker T. Washington –Born enslaved –Believed racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. –Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute Teaching diplomas Agricultural, domestic, mechanical 25

W.E.B. Du Bois –1 st African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard University –Founded Niagara Movement Blacks should seek a liberal arts education so leaders of black communities would be well- educated 26

27 African-American discrimination By 1900, Southern states adopted system of legal policies to weaken African-American political power Voting Restrictions: Poll Tax- blacks too poor to pay it Grandfather clause- could still vote if grandfather was eligible before 1/1/1967 Late 1870’s Segregation-AKA Jim Crow Laws - separation of blacks and whites in public and private facilities

28 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court Case that tested the constitutionality of segregation…Plessy attempted to sit in an all- white railroad car Ruling: established doctrine of “separate but equal” which allowed states to maintain segregation as long as they provided equal service. Lasted almost 60 years.