1. 16-3 Segregation and Discrimination

2. African-Americans and illiterate White
Literacy Test: A test given to voters to determine whether they could read. Sometimes more difficult reading tests were given to African Americans.
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Literacy
Test
South
African-Americans and illiterate White
Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power

3. Poll Tax = Money one had to pay in order to vote
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Poll Tax
South
Poor African-Americans and poor White people
Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power

4. Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power
Grandfather Clause: A person could vote if their father or grandfather was qualified to vote before January 1, 1867
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Grandfather
Clause
(allowed poor
White
Americans to
vote)
South
African-Americans
Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power

5. Jim Crow Laws: Laws that helped to keep Blacks and Whites separate
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Jim Crow
South
African-Americans
Segregated them into facilities separate from whites. Forced them to endure 2nd class services from schools, hospitals, parks, transportation, etc.

6. All, but especially in the South African-Americans
Racial Etiquette: A term used to describe the informal rules of conduct between Blacks and Whites. These rules reinforced white supremacy and black inferiority.
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Racial
Etiquette
All, but especially in the South
African-Americans
Belittled and humiliated Blacks daily; made interactions with whites very dangerous. Forced Blacks to defer to Whites. Successful Blacks were especially targeted by Whites.

7. Americans and African-
Debt Peonage: A system in which a person is forced to work to pay off debts.
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Debt
Peonage
West and Southwest
Mexican-
Americans and African-
Americans
Forced the, to work against their will to pay off a debt. Made them little more than slaves.
Denied them the ability to live their own lives.

8. Chinese Exclusion Act:
In what regions did it exist?
Who were its targets?
How did it affect the lives of these people?
Chinese
Exclusion
Act
All
And
Chinese-Americans
A law that prohibited Chinese immigration to the U.S.; It also suspended naturalization (citizenship) for Chinese already living in the U.S.

9. Identification
Ida B. Wells: African American Reformer who tried to work for anti-lynching laws
Segregation: Racial Separation
Plessy v. Ferguson: The Court case that upheld the Jim Crow laws = “Separate but Equal” was legal

10. African American Reformers: Both men sought to erase the problems related to Jim Crow
W.E.B. Du Bois
Founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and the Niagara Movement- an organization that called for an immediate end to segregation.
Du Bois believed that as citizens, African Americans should be given the same political rights as Whites – especially voting rights.
He believed Blacks should have better opportunities for higher education (college) and that Blacks should pursue professional occupations and become political leaders
His most influential years were in the early 1900s
His ideas were considered radical and threatening to Whites.
Booker T. Washington
Started the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama- A school (industrial education) for African- Americans that taught skilled trades (mechanical or technical jobs in factories)
He believed that if Blacks showed Whites that they could be good workers/citizens then Blacks would gradually earn equal rights.
Since Booker T. Washington was promoting a gradual change to the way African American’s were viewed, he was respected by White Americans and considered non-threatening
His most influential years was in the early 1880s.