1. Life at the Turn of the 20th Century
Chapter 8 Notes

2. Chapter Overview
As the 20th century begins, American culture changes due to new technological advances, cultural forms, and mass media. Some Americans, though, protest discrimination that denies them rights.

3. Section one: Science & Urban Life
1870, 25 Cities with population of 50,000
1890, 58 Cities with population of 50,000
1900, 40% Americans lived in the city
Technological advances met the needs for communication, transportation and space

4. Section one: Science & Urban Life
Skyscrapers—the best use of limited & expensive space
Elevator & steel
Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham
Transportation—allowed cities
to expand outward
Growth of Subways, Trolley Cars
Commute to work, move around the city

5. Section one: Science & Urban Life
Need for leisure activities and open space led to URBAN PLANNING
Frederick Law Olmstead—Landscape architect
1857, Central Park in New York
Boating, Tennis, Zoo, Bicycle paths
Daniel Burnham
Transformed the city of Chicago

6. Section one: Science & Urban Life
By 1890, the literacy rate was 90%
Books, Magazines, and Newspapers were more popular than ever
Mills produced cheaper paper
New printing press—Printed on BOTH sides of continuous paper, cut, and folded
Newspapers sold for one penny!

7. Section one: Science & Urban Life
Orville & Wilbur Wright
Bike Manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio
1st Successful flight in Kitty Hawk, NC (1903)

8. Section one: Science & Urban Life
George Eastman
Created a new film that did not have to be developed immediately
1888 created the Kodak Camera

9. Section two: Expanding Public Education
Public schools were
1) Training for employment and citizenship
2) A way to assimilate immigrants
Although Education was on the rise, many children were not in school

10. Section two: Expanding Public Education
Opportunities varied for black and white children
1880—62 % of white children attended school
1880—34 % of black children attended school

11. Section two: Expanding Public Education
Growth of High Schools
By 1900, ½ million students attended High School
Curriculum expanded –
Not just math and reading
Vocational Courses—drafting, carpentry, and mechanics
Female students prepared for office work

12. Section two: Expanding Public Education
Immigrants were encouraged to attend school
Americanization
Higher Education
Rise of Research Universities & Professional Schools
Between —Howard, Atlanta & Fisk Universities
African American colleges

13. Section two: Expanding Public Education
Booker T. Washington
Racism would end once African
Americans acquired useful labor
skills and proved their economic
value to society
Founded Tuskegee Normal &
Industrial Institute (1881)
Teaching diplomas, skills in agricultural, domestic, mechanical work

14. Section two: Expanding Public Education
W. E. B. Du Bois
Disagreed with Washington
Niagara Movement—seek liberal arts so the black community could produce well-educated leaders
“Talented Tenth”—achieve inclusion into mainstream life
“We are Americans, not only by birth and by citizenship, but by our political ideals…And the greatest of those ideals is that ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL”

15. Section three: Segregation and Discrimination
Post Reconstruction (1877) South
Voting Restrictions
Literacy Tests
African American questions more difficult
Officials had authority to pass/fail
Poll Tax
Grandfather Clause

16. Section three: Segregation and Discrimination
Segregation Laws—separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities
“Jim Crow Laws”
Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)—Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment
“Separate but equal”
Overturned by Brown v. Board
60 years later

17. Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Rise of amusement parks, bicycling, theater, & spectator sports
Playgrounds and playing fields in neighborhoods
Coney Island, 1884
World’s Columbian
Exchange—Chicago,
1st Ferris Wheel

18. Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Bicycling…
For males only because lack of safety
1885, “Safe Bicycle” mass produced
Rise in popularity with women—freedom & self-reliance
Hershey Bar—1900
Coca-Cola—Pharmacist formulated as a cure for headache

19. Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Baseball & Boxing very popular
New media technology led to motion pictures
Joseph Pulitzer—New York World, comics, sports, women’s news
William Randolph Hearst—New York Morning Journal
Pulitzer’s competitor
Exaggerated tales of personal scandal, cruelty, and hypnotism
Sold over a million copies per day

20. Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Art Galleries rise in popularity
Realism, Thomas Eakins
Popular Fiction
“Dime Novels”
Glorified adventure tales of the West
Mark Twain—American classics such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

21. Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture
Urban Shopping…
Cleveland, Ohio (1890)—first shopping center
Jewelry, leather, stationary
Marshall Fields—opened the first department store
“Give the lady
what she wants”