1. UNIT 1 1450- 1648 15th, 16th, 17th centuries
Renaissance
Reformation & Religious Wars Exploration & Conquest
Absolutism & New Thinking

2. The Crises of the Late Middle Ages
The Great Loss in Population
Monarchs & Rulers imposing new political Order
Religious crisis

3. Europe in 1300

4. Geography of Europe in 1300 Europe = many small states!!
Major states at this time:
England Scotland Norway
Sweden Portugal Denmark
France Bohemia (= Czech Republic today)
Austria Teutonic Order (= Baltic states today)
Do not yet exist as we know them today:
Spain = Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre; not united
Italy = Sicily, Papal States, + others; not united
Germany = not united; part of Holy Roman Empire
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg = the Low Countries
Russia = group of principalities; Mongol Yoke ( )
Nations of SE Europe = part of Byzantine Empire

5. (1) Great Famine ( )
From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine.
Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.

6. Causes price inflation terrible weather (mini ice age)
In 1315 the price of wheat rose 800%
3 SFHS cookies cost $1.25.
With 800% inflation  $10!
terrible weather (mini ice age)
In 1303 and , the Baltic Sea froze!

7. Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497-98)
Consequences
Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse ( )
 susceptibility to disease
later marriage
 population
 homeless
rich farmers buy out poor farmers
volatile land market
unemployment
migration of young males to towns
 crime
Pestilence
War
Famine
Death
Int’l trade = consequences spread far
Gov’t. responses ineffective

8. Geography of Europe in 1400
From states consolidated their holdings = fewer small states
Major states at this time:
England Union of Kalmar = Norway, Sweden, Denmark
Scotland Poland-Lithuania
Portugal Bohemia
France Hungary
Austria Wallachia (= Romania today)
Ottoman Empire
Do not yet exist as we know them today:
Spain, Italy, Germay = still not united
Russia = still under Mongol Yoke ( )

9. The Renaissance Period
Black Death
100 Years War
Changes in the Church
Social Unrest
Origins of the Renaissance
Changing Society
Changing Political Structure
Intellectual and Culture Changes
Italian v. Northern Renaissance
(Number students 1 or 2) Have all of the 2’s get the black plague!

10. Journal #1
What would you do if you know you were going to die in less than a week?
Things to think about
Possessions
Food
School
Friends

11. Boccaccio in The Decameron:
(1)Black Death (1348)
Boccaccio in The Decameron:
The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.
Pronouced: BO CA CHI O: Italian Poet/Scholar perfect example of Italian classical prose, and its influence on Renaissance literature throughout Europe was enormous.

12. Causes famine  susceptibility to disease advances in shipbuilding
Rats (fleas from rats) on ships from Black Sea
urban overcrowding & poor sanitation & hygiene
14th century (90% of population worked the land) followed. Came from trade routes through the ports (Venice, Genoa, Pisa)

13. The Culprits

14. The Disease Cycle bubonic = spread by flea
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
bubonic = spread by flea
pneumonic = spread human-human
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria.

15. Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.
The Symptoms
Buba
Sep tuh see me uh: the invasion and persistence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood-stream. (READ DECAMERON quotes)
Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

16. The Mortality Rate
35-50% (could be up to 70%)
25,000,000 dead!!!

17. Essential Question
What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe????

18. Giovanni Boccacio- The Decameron
-Read the Introduction of The Decameron
Complete Graphic organizer after using introduction and slides

19. Consequences – Social pogroms against Jews Migration (move to city)
clergy care for sick (demand for religious services for dead, and dying)
Social conflicts of classes (Peasant Revolts)
Jews were scapegoates (pogrom: organized massacre), migration (flight and seclusion as best medicine)
The burning of Jews in 1349

20. Consequences – Economic
 unemployment (Farms decline)
 productivity, wages, & standard of living (limited laborers)
Nobles decline in power (pay more for products & labor)
Agricultural prices 
craft guilds take new members (laborers migrate to city to learn skills)
inflation
PLabor
QLabor S1 S D P2 P1 Q2 Q1
Wage Increase

21. Consequences – Psychological/Cultural
Pessimism
art & lit – theme of death
Flagellants (beat themselves in ritual penance)
new colleges & universities – more localized
culturally Europe becomes more divided
Flagellants were thought to bring divine intervention
Dance Macabre (Hans Holbein)

22. "And no bells tolled and nobody wept no matter what his loss because almost everyone expected death ... and people said and believed, 'This is the end of the world.'"
- Agnolo di Tura, chronicler of Siena in central Italy, on the Black Death, 1348

23. Essential Question: Assessment
What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe????
3 to 5 sentences

24. Essential Questions What were the causes of the Hundred years war?
What were the outcome of the Hundred years war?
Whenever power was being transferred to a new ruler rivalries could plunge entire lands into war! Centralized government as never seen before ! WHO BECOMES AN HEIR IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A MALE HEIR?????

25. Get into Groups of 3 One Person Find Causes of 100 years war
One person Find Progress/Development of War
One Person Find Outcomes of 100 years war Pg

26. (2) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453)
ENGLAND VS. FRANCE
Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles.

27. Causes 1: Controversy over succession to French throne
Charles IV of France dies heirless
French nobility selects Philip VI of Valois
Chosen over Edward III of England
Long history of prejudice & animosity between French and English people
“no woman or her son could succeed to the [French] monarchy”
1340 – proclaims himself King of France
WOMEN COULD NOT BE QUEENS! Philips sister Isabella could not be king. Salic Law said you couldn’t inherite the Throne from a FEMALE Line but he was the nearest Male relative to King Charles IV . D

28. Causes 2: French land belonging to British monarchy
English claim Aquitaine as ancient inheritance & occupy it as vassal to French crown
Philip VI confiscates Aquitaine in 1337
Pointhieu
Edward had several sizable French territories (Norman Conquest) (threatned the royal policy of centralization.
Aquitaine

29. Causes 3: Wool trade & control of Flanders
Wool trade b/t England & Flanders
Flanders = French fief
Flanders wants independence from French rule & asks English for help
Flanders
Flanders was subject to political influnece of England because of its industry being cloth which was dependent on English Wool.

30. Causes 4: Struggle for French national identity
France 3x population and far wealthier then England
France disunited caused by social conflicts
Estates general (too divided to be effective)
Peasants had to pay increasing taxes
French vassals (land holders) of Philip VI side with Edward III to assert independence from French crown
During Black Plague Philip VI tried to Fix prices (because of inflation) His wife Joan dies of Black death so he takes his Son’s Finance and marries her! He then Dies of a Stroke

31. Course 1: English Winning at 1st
Crécy, Calais, Poitiers, Agincourt victories
English longbow vs. French crossbow
Cannon
England Embargo to Flanders= rebellions by merchants & signed alliance with England
Capture King John II the Good
Crossbow of england could reach 200 yards. Called a TRUCE in 1347 cause of black Plague

32. Course 2: French Victory
Joan of Arc to the rescue!
Orléans = turning point
King Charles VII receives crown back
Joan of Arc peasant from Lorraine presents her self to King Charles VII saying she was called to deliver France. England armies already exhausted. Burgundians captured Joan and along with the English and turned her over to the inquisition after 10 weeks of interrogation she was exectued. 25 years later Roman Catholic church declared her a saint.

33. Height of English Dominance, 1429

34. Consequences Both economic problems social discontent nationalism
King Charles VI son goes into retreat when his father dies and people still believe Charles VII to be king.

35. France becomes unified!
France in 1453
France in 1337

36. Journal # 2 What were the causes of the Hundred years war?
What were the outcome of the Hundred years war?
Whenever power was being transferred to a new ruler rivalries could plunge entire lands into war! Centralized government as never seen before ! WHO BECOMES AN HEIR IF YOU DO NOT HAVE A MALE HEIR?????

37. (3) Church in Decline
(Pope Innocent III- 13th century church becomes centralized monarcy. Started taxing to support crusades.(hight of power) startes to decline. created Pope Boniface issued a bull (Clericis Laicos) which forbade taxation of clergy without Papal (office of pope) approval. England removes protection of the king. Philip the Fair denys money from France to rome. (need money so they say thFrance can tax them) ten years later Philip unleashes a ruthless antpapal campaign. Go to Bonifaces quarters and beat him up and alsmot kill him a couple weeks later he dies and

38. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)
Pope moves to Avignon
Popes live extravagantly
Cut off from Rome needed to get funds
Annates (taxes for first year in office)
Shorter time in purgatory
Indulgences (sell pardons for unrepeated sins)
Could buy them for those already dead
Rome left in poverty
Clement V
Pope Clement 1309 moves papl court to Avignon never to threatened kings and emperors (church and state relationships declined and power went to the state) and religion fell into the hands of Monarchy . After taxes: churches power increased with palace of pope France, england and Germany started to Restrict PAPAL Jurisdiction and taxation in their countries. John Whycliffe and John Huss challenge church traslations of the bible, traditional cermonies and practices (started teaching vernacular and other translations of the bible. Wycliffe was found subversive. Huss was taken and imprisoned in July 6, 1415 and died at the stake. The militant hussites and taborites did 10 years of protests that lead to significant religious reforms and control over the Bohemian church. (refered to as the Babylonian captivity) (babylon is bondage of the israleites)
Avignon

39. Great Schism (1376-1417) 2 popes!! (Rome & Avignon)
Gregory XI brings papacy back to Rome
Within sphere of influence of France
King Charles V wanted papacy to return to Avignon
Urban VI (Rome) – aggressive reform causes anger & second election
Clement VII (Avignon) – “antipope”
 Schism: a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief of 13 cardinals formed own conclave and elected own pope Clement VII (cousin of French King) to be pope. Church hisotry has however recognized the ROMAN line of Popes as legitmate. Tried to have them both cession. Other sought to secure the resignation of one. Both pops by a special council of the church

40. Great Schism divides Europe politically
England, Roman Empire, Poland, Hungary, & Bohemia= Rome, France, Naples, Scotland, Castile, & Aragon= Avignon)

41. Conciliarism: Theory Reform movement
Pope derives power from entire Christian community
Constitutional structure: pope + general council
poceeding from a council (conciliar)
Marsiglio of Padua
John Wyclif & Lollards

42. Conciliarism: Practice
Council of Pisa (1409)  3 popes!!
Council of Constance ( ) – 3 goals:
end Great Schism
end heresy
reform church
Results: Kings asserted their
Power over the church (France & England)
-others reformed&regulated Religious life
Concil convened on their own authority in Pisa in 1409 disposed of both Popes and elected Alexander V for pop. Neither pope accpted this and now there were 3 popes! Councile of constance= Emperor sigismund Summoned a new concil asserted supremacy and elected Martin V. (LIMITED CHURCH POWER RESULTED because of the GREAT SCHISM)
Jan Hus

43. English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
(6) Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie (1358)
Causes:
Long-term socioeconomic grievances
100 Years War – taxation
Result: Crushed by nobility
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Causes:
Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages)
Urging by preachers
100 Years War – French raids
Head tax on adult males
Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550

44. Society Life went on even in the face of calamity.
What did 14th c. society look like?

45. Marriage & Family Prostitution Arranged Based on economics (vs. ♥)
Age: men in mid-late 20s, women <20
Children = objects of affection
No divorce (annulments in rare cases)
Prostitution
Legal & regulated
Not respected
Urban

46. Life in the Parish Work Religion Recreation Rural: farming
Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open post-plague)
Women “inferior”  limited opportunities
Religion
Central to life
 lay control over parish affairs
Recreation
Aristocracy: tournaments
Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol
Both: “blood sports,” executions

47. Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers
Migration of peoples to frontier regions
“race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language, customs, laws (vs. blood)
Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws & newcomers subject to laws of former homeland
Ireland as exception – Statute of Kilkenny (1366)
As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent
Dalimil Chronicle

48. Vernacular Literature
Dante, Divine Commedy (Italy)
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (England)
Villon, Lais & Grand Testament (France)
Christine de Pisan, The City of Ladies, etc. (France)
 lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t.
Dante
Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France

49. Europe in 1400

50. The Renaissance

51. Journal #3
“O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.”
Write the quote down
Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?

52. Italian City-States Florence Economic prosperity Social dynamism
Mediterranean trade routes
Development of banking & credit
Social dynamism
Popolo grasso “Fat people
Nobles, wealthy merchants, manufactures
Mediocri
Smaller merchants & market artisans
Popolo Minuito “little people
Laborers, artisans

53. Italian City-State Government
Constitutional oligarchies dominated by powerful wealthy families
Manipulated electoral process
Played off rivalries and implemented rule (sometimes by Force)
Medici (Venice, Siena, Florence & Lucca
Francesco Sforza (Milan)
Bell Tower of Palazzo Vecchio in Florce (watched over the dynamic center of banking, commerce, and manufacturing

54. THE “ISMS” of the Renaissance
Humanism
Individualism
Secularism
Scientific Naturalism

55. Humanism
intellectual movement based on study of the Latin & Greek classics (classicism)
humanities (liberal arts): grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history & Philosophy
Instead of law, medicine & theory
renewed interest in man and new view of humankind
believed in human potential and glorified man’s dignity
man depicted in art as the center of the world
civic humanism: application of humanist education to civil service
First half of renaissance
How humanism affected the city-states themselves
vs. Middle Ages – learning confined largely to Christian monasteries; subordination of humans to God; human body should be covered up, not glorified (Christian worldview)

56. Individualism new emphasis on individual achievement
belief that the individual ought to be free to think, speak, and act for himself
Able to discover truth & wisdom
Could interpret text w/o assistance of Clergy
vs. Middle Ages – cooperation within small communities; individual achievement subordinate to religious faith/piety (Christian worldview)
Individual is the Forefront of Attention. Do you believe we can be whatever we want???????? Why or why not?????
“O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” we are “ the molder and sculptor of himself.”
- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( )

57. Individualism: Self portrait emerged
Titian,
Portrait of Empress Isabel of
Portugal, 1548
(oil on canvas)
Princes, oligarchies became subjects of paintings outside of Christ, Virgin Mary
Titian,
Portrait of Emperor Charles V at Muhlberg, 1548
(oil on canvas)

58. Secularism
increasing concern with the material rather than spiritual world
material values: money/wealth, material goods, leisure time/activities
vs. Middle Ages – focus on the spiritual world/Kingdom of Heaven (Christian worldview)
Pieter Bruegel, Peasant Dance, 1568 (oak on panel)

59. Children’s Games by Pieter Bruegel, 1560 (oil on oak panel)

60. Secularism Boccaccio (1313-1375), The Decameron:
“Niccolò’s son, Filippo, being a young man and a bachelor, was wont sometimes to bring thither a woman for his pleasure, and after keeping her there for a few days to escort her thence again. Now on one of these occasions it befell that he brought thither one Niccolosa, whom a vile fellow, named Mangione, kept in a house at Camaldoli as a common prostitute. And a fine piece of flesh she was, and wore fine clothes, and, for one of her sort, knew how to comport herself becomingly and talk agreeably.”
What do you notice about the picture????????????
Hans Holbein,
The Ambassadors, 1533
(oil on wood)

61. Scientific Naturalism
close observation and study of the natural world
geometry / proportions / space / laws of perspective
anatomy
realistic portrayal of natural world
vs. Middle Ages – less realistic and more stylized; focus is on representation of God rather than representation of God (Christian worldview)
Leonardo da Vinci,
Vitruvian Man, 1492
(pen and ink)
study of ideal proportions

62. Scientific Naturalism
Leonardo da Vinci,
Study of a woman’s hands,
date unknown (drawing)
Leonardo da Vinci,
Larynx and legs, 1510 (drawing)

63. You are Michelangelo
You are assigned to design a mural for the ceiling
Can be words, pictures (drawn), or a collage (of pictures from the computer)
Has to fill up the whole 8x11 piece of white paper
1 paragraph typed on the back or on a separate piece of paper describing your work
DUE Tuesday
Get on the floor and stare at the ceiling
3 minutes for inspiration
When Michealangelo was assigned the 16th chapel he would stare at the ceiling while lying on the floor for inspiration.

64. The Renaissance Architecture (Renaissance vs. Medieval Gothic)
Paintings (Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo)
Sculpting (Michelangelo, Donatello)
Writings (Petrarch,Pico Della Mirandola, Machiavelli

65. Complete your graphic organizer
You will go around the stations and write down everything you notice about the writings, paintings, sculptors or architectures
For each station you have 5 minutes

66. The Renaissance & Gender
Considered sinful daughters of eve (church view)
Subordinate to men
Can own property & write wills but cannot sell w/o permission
Boys valued more than girls
Female babies were abandoned or sent to convents
Considered liability cause of marriage
Some educated girls
Became writers, publishers, booksellers, printers
No prominent female painters
Couldn’t go to university or be an apprentice
THE RENAISSANCE was more about MENS FEELINGS and the focus of renaissance writings, paintings, scultings

67. Journal #4
If you were a leader and you could not be both would you rather be loved or feared?
Explain your answer

68. The End of the Renaissance
The French Invasions
Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe

69. Decline of the City States
Political life deteriorated
Medici despotism faced opposition
Exiled Machiavelli
War between rival families
Tried to outdo each other in violence, brutality, & prayer
Dis-unification led to Invasions
King Charles VIII marches through Italy (1st invasion)
Priest/Monk Savonarola of Florence welcomed arrival was because of sin (secularism)
Pope Alexander VI allows France back in (2nd invasion)
Corrupt pope
Allows King Louis XII to invade Milan
King Francis I invades (3rd time)
Goes to war with SPAIN
Despotism: exercise of absolute power in a cruel or oppressive way. In members of one faction family were executed on a main square and hanged from poles for all to see. Then to “REPENT” they had 35 altars raised on the same square and ordered priests to say mass for 3 days in atonement for their sins. After Italian cities United (Tready of LODI) they ousted french invader and Savonarola was imprisoned and executed. Pope Alexander VI Annulls marriage of King Louis XII so he could marry

71. Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
France
Spain
England
Holy Roman Empire
15th century- created standing national armies, soliders were paid instead of fighting for honor.
Decline of Nobility (Black Death) & Decline of Cleary (Schism)= Increase growth of Monarchies

72. Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
France
Professional army
Collapse of English Empire in France (100 years war)
Death of Charles Bold of Burgundy= King Louis XI to secure monarchy
Spain
Union of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united kingdoms
Secured borders
Christianize Spain (state controlled religion
Charles I- inheritance united Spain and elected emperor
Sponsored Christopher Columbus (expansion Mexico & Peru gold & silver)
England
War of Roses (York vs. Lancaster)
Richard III kills Edward’s son to secure throne
Henry VII (Henry Tudor) marries Elizabeth of York & unites royal families
Holy Roman Empire
Golden Bull established 7 member electoral college and elected emperor
Rights of power balanced between princes & emperor
Princes share executive power because of Supreme Court of Justice
15th century- created standing national armies, soliders were paid instead of fighting for honor. Spain: used to be islam, judaism & christianty until union. If Jews didn’t convert they were exciled and properties confiscated.
Decline of Nobility (Black Death) & Decline of Cleary (Schism)= Increase growth of Monarchies

73. End of Renaissance
By 1530 Artistic styles reflected loss of Self-confidence due to Invasions
Optimism declined
Renaissance (you can do it attitude was lost)

74. Northern Vs. Italian Renaissance
French Invasions of Italy leads to Renaissance in Northern Europe mid 15th century
Italian& france, Artistic creativity emerged.
Northern: italian influence,

75. Desiderius Erasmus
Orphan dutch cleric. Spent 7 years in monastery. Taught at universities and as a tutor in Paris and Italy. Obsessed with cleanliness and determed to infuse the church with a new moral purity influence by the Renaissance. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V permitts him to apply the scholarly techniques of humanism to biblical study. The scholastics of the middle ages overwhelmed church with empty, lifeless theology. De-emphasized the sacraments, provided a guide to living a moral life. Wrote how a prince ought to be educated and how cildren should be raised.
Priests claimed “that they’ve properly performed their duty if they reel off perfunctorily their feeble prayers which I’d be greatly surprised if any God could hear or understand.”