1. HW 1.4 British Democracy Homework – How did the United Kingdom establish parliamentary democracy (a.k.a. constitutional monarchy?) Make a graphic organizer that includes the following terms. Make sure to give it a title. Include a description and importance of each ruler or document. King John, Magna Carta Henry VIII, Church of England, Roman Catholic Church Elizabeth I, Mary I, Phillip II, and Mary, Queen of Scots James I, Puritans, Pilgrims Charles I, Petition of Right Oliver Cromwell Charles II, James II William and Mary, English Bill of Rights George III Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan John Locke, Two Treatises on Government, the “Social Contract” This is 25 terms You must use the IANB homework format and a GRAPHIC ORGANIZER. DUE DATES: Period 1 = Mon., 9/22. Periods 2 & 6 = Tues., 9/23

2. Certain terms go together and it is a good idea to put them in the same oval. You don’t have to have 25 different ovals. But, you must have “subtopic ovals.” You can’t just hang the words off of the topic bubble. You must come up with your own subtopics. A good website to use: www.royal.gov.ukwww.royal.gov.uk You have to research the terms. Don’t just rely on what is given in class.

3. Dancing With the Democracy Stars (a.k.a. The History of Democracy) Autocracy = Absolute Monarchy Or Dictatorship Oligarchy = Religious Or Military Or Communist Group Rule

4. There will be a map portion on the quiz, as well. You must know all items on this map. Please fill yours out accordingly. Make sure you copy down the timeline that is on the board.

5. 500 bc GREEK city-state of Athens= direct democracy based on the concept of popular sovereignty The will of the people is supreme; the people should rule themselves. Direct democracy = no representatives necessary. Everyone votes on every issue. Unworkable in large populations.

6. 490-31 bc – Roman Republic= representative democracy (corrupted by power hungry Senators who called themselves Caesars) Natural Law = a universal set of common beliefs related to what is right and wrong; often referred to as the Ten Commandments.

7. Roman Republic collapses into an Empire. Democracy goes away for over 1200 years. One of the largest, strongest, and longest lasting empires in the history of the world. Falls in 476 AD. Europe falls into what we call FEUDALISM.

8. Roman legacy is huge in Great Britain. Romans wrote their laws down and enforced them with fairness. (Due process of law) Britain retained this legacy even though the Roman Empire collapsed. With the Romans gone, the Anglo- Saxons divided their island into “shires.” Each shire had an appointed “sheriff” and “justices of the peace” resolved conflict. Due process was important and preserved, somewhat.

9. Europe, 1300 A.D. What is the meaning of the term, “Holy Roman Empire?” (In red)

10. Dukes, Earls, and Counts, (Marquis, if one is French) And Princes Skilled workers 1000 A.D. – 1500 A.D. in Europe A key point about “absolutism” – the times were so lawless, so dangerous, so frightful, that a strong king was welcomed as someone who could keep the peace and prevent violence and death. The loyalties of the serfs were to the King because their lives depended on him. Never forget that, even though the peasants’ attitudes will change. You all need me! But I can’t do everything involved in safeguarding this kingdom by myself!

11. England, 1215, the English Lords are angry with the cruel policies of one of the worst kings in history; King John King John, Runneymeade, signing the Magna Carta

12. John ruled like a tyrant – totally disrespectful of existing local and feudal traditions 1.Expensive wars against France that failed 2.Bribed justices and barons 3.Extorted money 4.Forced barons to raise more taxes on the peasants. 5. His own barons staged an uprising and threatened to kill him.

13. The Great Charter of the Liberties of England; modified many, many times over the years 1215-1688.

14. THE MAGNA CARTA (a.k.a The Great Charter) Lots of very important concepts: 1.Rule of Law = no monarch is absolute or ABOVE the law; no monarch can arbitrarily impose justice or punishment; he must use due process of law 2.Limited Government = any government must protect natural rights when passing and enforcing law; citizens have civil rights such as freedom of expression and rights when accused of a crime.

16. 1215-1688 A long list of kings and queens. Some who are willing to share power with a House of Lords; others who are determined to take England back to the days of Absolute Monarchy. Ready? Let’s get started! Henry VIII Elizabeth I Bloody MaryJames I Charles ICharles II James II William of Orange

17. Henry VIII = 1491-1547 (56 years!)

18. Henry II of France, 1547-1559 Leaves 3 sons who are incompetent. Catherine d’Medici rules. Two Catholic KingsEngland France Leaves a sickly son who only rules for 6 years. (Aged 9-15) Edward VI Converts R.C.C. to the Church of England. His sons cannot produce a strong, Catholic King. Rule passes to the Bourbon family. TUDORTUDOR VALOISVALOIS

20. Henry VIII – a split from the Roman Catholic Church…led to years of see-sawing back and forth for England. Church of England, a.k.a. Anglican Church. In America: Episcopalian You need to know WHY the RCC would not give “8” a divorce.

21. Structure of the Anglican Church Later, the Anglican Church will become corrupt to the point where a new group, the Puritans, wants to reform it. Then, there are 3 religious groups in Britain, fighting for dominance.

22. PURITANS – what did they want?

23. Two sisters who fought over the throne: Mary Tudor (daughter of Catherine of Spain, Elizabeth Tudor, daughter of Anne Boleyn) Their father: Henry Tudor (the 8 th ) A Catholic who wanted to destroy the Church of England that her father created (in order to divorce her mother.) An Anglican, who was tolerant of Catholics, ruled England for 45 years. I’ll undo everything my wicked father did! Bloody Mary, 1553-58 The “Virgin” Queen, 1558-1603 Phillip II, Spain – what does he have to do with these two Queens ? “There is one Jesus Christ. The rest is a dispute over trifles."

24. An early English Parliament meets with the King and bishops of the Anglican Church (Church of England.) 1400 All the lords, plus two knights from each shire, and 2 representatives from each “borough.” The Parliament Building, today. Bi-cameral: House of Lords House of Commons

25. Elizabeth’s cousin: Mary, Queen of the Scots…Elizabeth was convinced to imprison her and to later execute her…plots to overthrow Elizabeth just kept being exposed…. Mary’s son, James Stuart will become King of England, though, because Elizabeth did not leave any children. Mary, Queen of Scots Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Elizabeth’s favorite lover. Dudley once convinced Elizabeth to give an address to the students of Cambridge University, in Latin.

27. Castle of Kenilworth – a gift to Leicester, from Elizabeth I

28. The famous “Tower of London” Castle of Kenilworth

29. William the Conqueror's “Keep” and White Tower

30. Westminster – where Parliament meets. “Big Ben” clock tower Westminster Abbey

31. St. Paul’s Cathedral NaveNave Transept

32. The “Shard” Building, London, just south of Tower Bridge London Bridge

33. The “Gherkin” Building

34. Back to the royals and their relationship with their Parliament (talking place)

35. Why did “democracy-evolution” happen SO DIFFERNTLY in England? A larger middle class – “non-titled” (relative to France, Prussia, A-H, Russia) A smaller percentage of nobles per peasant (relative to F, P, A-H, R) Prussian nobles were called “Junkers” Aristocrats in F,P,A-H, R think that commerce is dirty work – in the U.K. nobles got involved early in commerce (East India Tea Company) more urban dwellers (no city like London in F,P,R,A-H) The English Civil War = the “free-born” English citizen and his power was upheld = a tradition of resistance to absolutism since 1215 Resistance to Catholicism made English citizens even more resistant to monarchs wanting to return them to the RCC Early nationalism = a British self-identity Decentralization = most govt at the local level, no large national Army (the idea of huge Armies goes with Prussia, France, and Russia – not the UK)

36. 17 th century – 100 years dominated by the monarch’s struggle with Parliament – Who is the ultimate authority in England? 1642-1649

37. Stuarts have major issues with allowing Parliament their power Then come the Georges I, II, III Notice a break between 1649-1661? England was a dictatorship under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. Between Charles I and Charles II Remember, Elizabeth died, leaving no heir. The line goes to her cousins.

38. 1603 - James I has religious problems on his hands. What are they? King James version of the Holy Bible was compiled by James I. James I united 3 kingdoms for the first time, under a single ruler. Roman Catholic Puritans (Pilgrims) Henry VIII’s “High Protestants” James I is pulled into the 30 Years War in Europe (Catholics v. Protestants). Catholics in the UK try to assassinate him. He dies in 1625 in the middle of this.

39. The son of James I = Charles I (1625-1649) Determined to rule without a Parliament Parliament had become dominated by Puritans (who wanted reform of the Anglican Church and were wealthy landowners) Sympathetic to Catholics who felt persecuted ( he introduces a new “prayer book” for the Anglican Church which sounds very Catholic – the Scots revolt) Brutal suppression of the Scots Irish Catholics revolt against British rule

40. Puritans with money and influence – determined to reform the Anglican Church and suppress the Irish Those loyal to King Charles I – mainly Welsh aristocrats and some Scottish Catholics Parliament begins to split The Puritan’s “New Model Army” – Oliver Cromwell Charles’ I – Cavalier Army

42. Although the UK is a monarchy, the powers of the reigning head of state have gradually dwindled since King Charles I was beheaded in 1649 following the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Today, the monarch's role is largely ceremonial and mostly restricted to state functions and appearing on stamps and banknotes. But the monarch still retains formal powers and opens parliament each year.

43. Charles I of England – beheaded by Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army in Jan. 1649.

44. Prior to the outbreak of war, Charles I signs: The Petition of Rights, 1638 A list of the Rights Accorded to Englishmen No taxes without Parliamentary consent No imprisonment without due process of law No billeting of soldiers in private homes No “martial law” in times of peace I have no intention of following this but it might get Parliament off my back. 3 Important Documents in British parliamentary history: Magna Carta, 1215 Petition of Rights, 1638 English Bill of Rights, 1688

45. Roundheads (Parliament members) vs. Cavaliers (Royalists) Oliver Cromwell, a wealthy Puritan, leader of the Roundhead Army. Royalists, a.k.a. Cavaliers

46. Charles I – beheaded after breaking the document he signed: English Petition of Rights, 1649

47. Chavenage House – haunted by England’s most famous ghost. Painswick Courthouse Charles I stayed here during a long siege – English Civil War. A BBC series called “Charles II, the Power and the Passion” is a great show to watch if you like this kind of stuff?

48. a bleak picture of human beings where life is "nasty, brutish, and short.“ fear of violent death is the principal motive that causes people to create a surrender their natural rights and to submit to the absolute authority of a sovereign. the power of the monarch is originally derived from the people, he challenged the doctrine of the divine right of kings- but, he admitted that the sovereign's power is absolute and not subject to review by either citizens or church clergy Written in 1651, just after the execution of Charles I

49. English Dictatorship – Oliver Cromwell: a Puritan member of the House of Commons, led a civil war against King Charles Wins the Civil War and executes the King, but who will now rule? Regicide & Republic

50. Cromwell disbanded the House of Lords after winning the war and renamed the kingdom, the British “Commonwealth” April, 1653 – what is left of Parliament is called “The Rump Parliament”

51. Cromwell – first “western” dictator – ruled England from 1649 until 1658. Turned England into a Commonwealth. His Army re-conquered Scotland and Ireland, and added them to the “commonwealth.

52. Lord Protector of the Realm- military dictatorship – Cromwell called it the “protectorate”

53. What type of ruler was Cromwell? To what extent did he favor liberal/republican ideals?

54. Wow, this is complicated. Interesting, but complicated, and not popular with everyone in England at the time. Cromwell dies of a gallstone attack in 1658.

56. Is this the missing head of Oliver Cromwell? After his trial (2 years after he had died) his head was severed and put on a pike on Tower Bridge. By 1688 it had blown away. A skull was found in 1935 and determined to be the missing head. It was buried at Sussex College in Cambridge in 1960! I wonder how my son Richard is ruling the commonwealth now that I am dead??? Cromwell’s death mask

57. “Tumbledown Dick” = Richard Cromwell, son of Oliver Cromwell 2 nd Protector of the Realm upon his father’s death. Did not have the personality or the political mind of his father. Did not have the ambition or drive. Served for nine months under a “Barebones Parliament” and then resigned and left England and his role as Protector. Parliament was left with no monarch or military dictator. Hmmm…what to do? Royalists had another nickname for Richard, but you’ll have to look that one up on your own time!! 9 months and 10 days! 1658-59

58. 1660- England was poised to reject monarchy forever, and yet, they requested that the Stuart heir to the throne, Charles II, (“merry King Charles) return to rule as a “figurehead” monarch. Anyone would have been called “merry” after those prudish Puritans! 1660-1685 The Merry Monarch – many wives, many, many children.

59. An alarming secret about the Merry Monarch He was a “closet Catholic” and he had signed a secret pact with the France, (Louis, 14) promising to return England to the Catholic Church. He had no legal heirs to the throne. His brother James was a full-blown, public Catholic – and in line to secede to the throne when Charles died.

60. 1685 – Charles II dies and James II (age 51) comes to the throne of England. 3 short years: 1685-1688 He’ll almost lose his pretty neck! That “bloody bastard,” Monmouth will learn his lesson ! Meanwhile, Mary, the legitimate daughter of James II, has married a very cool guy, William of Orange – a Dutch King called a “Stadholder.” The British are going to call on me to literally run my father-in-law out of the country. I’m just the man to do it! The first college in America is named after this fine looking couple.

62. Getting bored? Try some Trivia… Worcestershire can be properly pronounced a few ways: "WUST-ter-shire, "WOOS-ter-sheer", or "WOOS-ter-sher" sauce. But the easiest way to say Worcestershire Sauce is to say “Lea & Perrins”. early 1800s, in the county of Worcester. Returning home from his travels in Bengal, Lord Sandys, a nobleman of the area, was eager to duplicate a recipe he'd acquired. On Lord Sandys' request, two chemists— John Lea and William Perrins—made up the first batch of the sauce.

63. James II did three things to blow it: Managed to have a male heir, who he was raising as a Catholic, with a very Catholic mother Passed the “Act of Indulgence” which openly promoted the practice of Catholicism Dissolved Parliament when the MPs expressed outrage over the Act. He was convinced to abdicate and fled in exile to France. (By the mobilization of William’s Dutch Army)

64. The Glorious Revolution = 1688 the British ask the King and Queen of Holland to come across the Channel and reign as the British monarchs. Parliament insists that the couple sign the English Bill of Rights – a document that reads, almost word-for-word, like the American Bill of Rights.

65. Wow – who picked the King and Queen of England? Parliament did!

66. The Revolution that was not a Revolution…

67. England, (the U.K.) has become the 1 st true democracy in the world: a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY. Monarch is a figurehead King Nobility = Dukes, Earls, Barons House of Lords Serfs (Commoners) House of Commons Prime Minister – a member of Parliament, chosen to enforce the laws made by Parliament. Feudalism evolved into democracy: constitutional monarchy style.

68. By 1884, the U.K. had conquered ¼ of the surface of the earth and added it to their empire. “British Commonwealth ”

69. Over 30 former British colonies belong to the British Commonwealth. They are independent democracies, but recognize the British monarch as their HEAD OF STATE.

70. Australia England Canada Fiji Jamaica Bermuda British Virgin Islands New Zealand United Kingdom “Rock of Gibraltar”

71. 1690 An English writer, John Locke, writes down a summary of what he has seen happen in England over the centuries TWO TREATIES ON GOVERNMENT: Several essays, in which, J.L. explains a theory that he calls the “Social Contract.”

72. FILL OUT THE SOCIAL CONTRACT WORKSHEET.

73. The American Revolution was a “social contract” revolution. John Locke’s book was nicknamed, “The Textbook of the American Revolution.”

74. Famous line from “Two Treatises on Government:” We hold these truths to be self- evident; that all men are created equal, with certain inalienable rights, among them, Life, Liberty, and Property. Where have you heard these words?

75. 1st A recap of the Social Contract Theory “All men are created equal…” 2nd 27 Specific Complaints against The King, Parliament, & the Prime Minister 3rd The U.S. statement of separation Creation of the U.S.A. 3 Parts of the Declaration of Independence

76. The American Revolution = 1774-1783

77. U.S.A. – a confederation 1776-1787 – the U.S. almost collapses

78. TO THE RESCUE: THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION MAY-SEPT 1787 G. Washington John Adams Sam Adams Roger Sherman Benjamin Franklin James Madison

79. The founding fathers rejected the British constitutional monarchy AND the U.S. Confederate style government. Presidential Democracy was BORN! What did we invent? Federalism, the Office of President, and the Electoral College. We kept the idea of 3 branches, bicameral lawmaking bodies, and the British justice system. No wigs, though! British judges

80. Presidential Democracy Congress President Courts Typically “Federal Structure,” but can be “Unitary” Any country that has copied the U.S. style of democracy.

81. PRESIDENTIAL STYLE GOVERNMENT VOTERS Legislative Branch: 111 th Congress Executive Branch: P, VP, 15 Cabinet Secretaries, feds

83. Parliamentary style democracy Voters British Parliament: House of Lords And House of Commons British Prime Minister: David Cameron

85. Parliament, Friday, 8/30/2013 Should the U.S. strike against Syrian dictator, Bashar al-Assad? Failed by 13 votes

86. Dark Blue = U.S. presidential style democracy Dark Gray = U.K. parliamentary style democracy Red = countries masquerading as democracies (no legitimate elections) Light Gray = dictatorships and absolute monarchies

87. Study these notes. There will be a test on this. Don’t wait until the last minute.

88. WE OWE THE BRITISH A LOT!

89. AND, THAT ENDS THE HISTORY OF DEMOCRACY….OR DOES IT?

90. The next slide shows a “model” of a typical revolution. (Not the American Revolution, though)

91. The Terror When people realize that the old problems still exist, they look for someone to blame. Radicals take control, push for more extreme changes, and execute “enemies of the Revolution.” Rule by Moderates The people relax because they think they have achieved their goal. A moderate group rules. But simply overthrowing the old order rarely solves the problems that led to the revolution. Fall of the Old Order (Ancien Regime) Revolutions usually cannot occur until a ruler becomes weak. Often this weakness results in problems such as starvation and unfair taxes. Anger builds until the ruler is overthrown. Restoration When dictatorship ends, through death or overthrow, a power vacuum results. The order that existed before the revolution is restored, usually with some increased democracy and justice. Military Rule The terror often kills most of a country’s leaders. Then the turn from radicalism makes people doubt revolutionary ideals. A military leader steps into the gap and becomes dictator. Turn from Radical Rule In time, violence sickens people, and the use of terror ends. The former radicals adopt a more gradual plan for effecting change.

92. Causes of the French Revolution(s) – notice the color coding of the diagram, please.