1. Unit 2: Skeletal System Lab 1: The Skull Jessica Radke-Snead, RD, MS Bio 241 Anatomy & Physiology

2. Reminders Unit 1 Lecture and Lab Exam keys are posted – Review your exams, ask questions Please see me if you need assistance with course material! – eTutoring – Peer Tutoring – Other Next exam: February 6 th …what’s your strategy?

3. Classification of Bones by Shape Flat bones: scapula, sternum Irregular bones: sphenoid bone, vertebra Short bones: capitate/carpal bone, talus Long bones: Ulna, radius, femur

4. Bones of the Adult Skeletal System Axial skeleton (80) – Skull (22) – Auditory ossicles (6) – Hyoid bone (1) – Vertebral column (26) – Thoracic cage (25) Appendicular skeleton (126) – Pectoral girdle (4) – Upper limb (60) – Pelvic girdle (2) – Lower limb (60)

5. Axial Skeleton (80) Skull (22) – Cranial bones (8) – Facial bones (14) Vertebral column (26) – Cervical (7) – Thoracic (12) – Lumbar (5) – Sacrum (1) – Coccyx (1) Auditory (6) – Malleus (2) – Incus (2) – Stapes (2) Hyoid bone (1) Thoracic cage (25) – Ribs (24) – Sternum (1)

6. Appendicular Skeleton (126) Pectoral girdle (4) – Scapula (2) – Clavicle (2) Upper limb (60) – Humerus (2) – Radius (2) – Ulna (2) – Carpals (16) – Metacarpals (10) – Phalanges (28) Pelvic girdle (2) – Os coxae (2) Lower limb (60) – Femur (2) – Patella (2) – Tibia (2) – Fibula (2) – Tarsals (14) – Metatarsals (10) – Phalanges (28)

7. Surface Features of Bones Articulations – Condyle – Facet – Head Depressions – Alveolus – Fossa – Fovea – Sulcus Passages – Canal – Fissure – Foramen – Meatus Extensions/Projection s – Crest – Epicondyle – Line – Process – Protuberance – Spine – Trochanter – Tubercle – Tuberosity

8. Major Cavities of the Skull Cranial cavity Orbit (eye sockets) Nasal cavity (nose) Buccal cavity (mouth) Middle- and inner-ear cavities Paranasal sinuses – Frontal – Sphenoid – Ethmoid – Maxillary

9. Foramina of the Skull Frontal bone – Supraorbital foramen or notch Parietal bone – Parietal foramen Temporal bone – Carotid canal – External acoustic meatus – Internal acoustic meatus – Stylomastoid foramen – Mastoid foramen Zygomatic bone – Zygomaticofacial foramen – Zygomaticotemporal foramen

10. Foramina of the Skull Temporal-Occipital Region – Jugular foramen Temporal-Occipital- Sphenoid Region – Foramen lacerum Occipital bone – Foramen magnum – Hypoglossal canal – Condylar canal Ethmoid bone – Cribriform foramina Mandible – Mental foramen – Mandibular foramen

11. Foramina of the Skull Sphenoid bone – Foramen ovale – Foramen rotundum – Foramen spinosum – Optic foramen – Superior orbital fissue Maxilla – Infraorbital foramen – Incisive foramen Maxilla-Sphenoid Region – Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone – Lacrimal foramen Palatine bone – Greater palatine foramen

12. List all bones that articulate with the temporal bone Lateral Surface – Squamous suture – Squamous part – Zygomatic process – Tympanic part – Styloid process – Mastoid process – Mastoid part – External acoustic meatus Medial Surface – Squamous suture – Squamous part – Petrous part – Internal acoustic meatus – Mastoid process – Styloid process – Zygomatic process

13. List all bones that articulate with the Sphenoid bone Superior view – Hypophyseal fossa – Foramen rotundum – Anterior clinoid process – Foramen ovale – Foramen spinosum – Dorsum sellae – Sella turcica – Greater wing – Lesser wing – Optic foramen Posterior view – Dorsum sellae – Superior orbital fissure – Foramen rotundum – Pterygoid processes – Medial pterygoid plate – Lateral pterygoid plate – Foramen ovale – Body – Greater wing – Lesser wing

14. List all bones that articulate with the Ethmoid bone Anterior view – Cribiform plate – Cribiform foramina – Crista galli – Superior nasal concha – Middle nasal concha – Perpendicular plate – Ethmoid air cells – Orbital plate

15. List all bones articulating in this view: Right nasal cavity Sagittal Section Crista galli Cribriform plate Cribriform foramina Sella turcica Sphenoid sinus Sphenoid bone Palatine bone Incisive foramen Maxilla Anterior nasal spine Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Superior nasal concha Nasal bone Frontal sinus

16. List all bones articulating in this view: Left orbit Anterior view Lateral wall of orbit – Zygomatic process of frontal bone – Greater wing of sphenoid bone – Orbital surface of zygomatic bone – Superior orbital fissure – Inferior orbital fissure Roof of orbit – Orbital plate of frontal bone – Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Medial wall – Orbital plate of ethmoid bone – Lacrimal bone – Frontal process of maxilla

17. List all bones articulating in this view: Left orbit Anterior view Floor of orbit – Orbital process of palatine bone – Orbital surface of maxilla Supraorbital foramen Optic foramen Infraorbital foramen

18. List bones articulating on the Fetal skull Lateral view – Parietal bone – Lambdoid suture – Squamous suture – Occipital bone – Mastoid fontanel – Temporal bone – Sphenoid bone – Coronal suture – Fontal bone – Sphenoid fontanel – Sphenoid bone – Nasal bone – Maxilla – Zygomatic bone – Mandible Superior view – Frontal bone – Anterior fontanel – Sagittal suture – Parietal bone – Posterior fontanel

19. Lab Objectives Identify and describe the location of the components of the axial skeleton listed in your lab Suggestion – Choose a view point (Anterior/Posterior, Superior/Inferior, etc) – Identify what it is that you are looking for Bone, suture, sinus, sulci, etc – Describe what the structure looks like (anatomical terms) – Describe where the structure is located on the skull (anatomical words) – Change your viewpoint and try it again Ask for assistance if needed—Enjoy!