1. Monarchs of Europe: England

2. The Tudors and Parliament During this time of absolute monarchs in Europe, the Parliament in England was working to limit the power of the monarchy Henry VIII – forced Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy which named the King as head of the Church of England After Henry VIII came Edward, then Mary I, then Elizabeth I

3. The Tudors and Parliament Under Elizabeth I Parliament passed laws favoring Protestantism Tension developed between Elizabeth and Parliament when she refused to marry in order to produce an heir Elizabeth allowed members of Parliament to speak without fear of punishment

4. The Stuarts and Parliament When Elizabeth I died she had no direct heir so a relative from Scotland became King James I was the first member of the Stuart family to rule England James believed in divine right and wanted to rule as an absolute monarch.

5. The Stuarts and Parliament James I did not get along with Parliament for several reasons –1) He wanted to rule as an absolute monarch with little to no say from others –2) Previous wars left him low on money and Parliament did not give him more –3) He was considered an outsider Because of these disagreements James rarely got what we wanted from Parliament

6. The Stuarts and Parliament Puritans – a group of strict Calvinists that wanted to purify the Church of England from everything Catholic (priests in robes, worshippers kneeling, etc.) The Puritans also wanted to take political power away from church officials. James did not support this because the church leadership supported him, so he refused to pass most of the Puritans’ requests for reforms One reform he did allow was an English version of the Bible which became known as the King James Version

7. The Stuarts and Parliament When James I died in 1625 his son Charles I became King In 1628 Charles I called Parliament to request money. Parliament refused to give Charles money until he agreed to sign the Petition of Right. –King could not levy taxes without approval from Parliament –King could not imprison anyone without justification –Could not force citizens to house soldiers –Overall, the Petition of Right was a direct challenge to the absolute monarchy

8. The Stuarts and Parliament Later that year Parliament again refused to give Charles money he had requested. This time Charles decided to tax the English people on his own and forced bankers to loan him money. Members of Parliament were outraged and in response Charles dismissed Parliament and decided never to consult with them again Punishments of Charles I

9. English Civil War After 11 years without Parliament, Charles I needed money thanks to a rebellion in Scotland This session became known as the Long Parliament and Parliament further limited the power of the king by declaring that Parliament must be called at least every 3 years, and that the king could not dismiss Parliament altogether

10. English Civil War In 1642 a group of Puritans in Parliament wanted to abolish the appointment of bishops in the Anglican Church. Charles was outraged and decided to go to Parliament and arrest the Puritan leaders for treason. This display of power angered many in Parliament who decided to rise up against the king, beginning the English Civil War

11. English Civil War Royalists – wealthy nobles who supported the king Roundheads – supporters of Parliament, named for their short bowl-shaped haircuts. Oliver Cromwell – the leader of the Roundheads, eventually becoming the Commander of Parliament’s army English Civil War

12. In 1646 King Charles I surrendered to Cromwell’s forces. Cromwell dismissed all members of Parliament that opposed him, leaving a group known as the Rump Parliament The Rump Parliament charged the king with treason Charles I was found guilty and on January 30, 1649 became the first European monarch to be formally tried and sentenced to death. Funeral of Charles I

14. England Under Cromwell After the death of Charles The House of Commons in Parliament ruled England. In 1653 Oliver Cromwell was named Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland Cromwell demanded complete obedience and closed theaters and limited other forms of entertainment Oliver Cromwell Bans Everything

15. England Under Cromwell Many people in England were troubled by Cromwell and Parliament’s takeover of power When Cromwell died his son Richard Cromwell took his place Richard was an ineffective leader and in 1660 Parliament began the process known as Restoration – bringing back the monarchy. Summary of English Civil War

16. Return of the Monarchy In 1660 Parliament decided to invite the son of Charles I to be the new king. Charles II became king, but with many limits of power. Positives –Charles reopened the theaters –Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 – someone accused of a crime has the right to appear in court

17. Return of the Monarchy Negatives –In 1665 the bubonic plague returned –In 1666 the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the city Charles II Christmas Message One more positive –The fire killed all the rats…

21. Return of the Monarchy After the death of Charles II his brother James II became king. James was Catholic and his only son was also Catholic, which worried many in England James was not a popular king because he believed in the absolute monarchy

22. Return of the Monarchy In 1688 a group of nobles asked James’ daughter Mary and her husband William to become king and queen since they were both Protestant. James knew it was pointless to fight so he fled to France This transfer of power was known as the Glorious Revolution

23. Return of the Monarchy Before taking the throne William and Mary had to sign off on a document – the English Bill of Rights –Prevented the monarchs from levying taxes without the consent of Parliament along with other limitations The English Bill of Rights set England up as a constitutional monarchy – a monarchy limited by laws