1. Sentence Structure and the Punctuation that goes with it
Ms. Birtcher – English I
Grammar

2. 4 Types of Sentences
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound-Complex

3. *Independent Clauses can stand alone as a sentence
Sentences are made up of clauses Clause = a group of words with a subject and a verb
*Independent Clauses can stand alone as a sentence
*Dependent or Subordinate Clauses can’t be a complete sentence because of the first word
NOTE: Clauses should NOT be confused with PHRASES which do not have both a subject and a verb.

4. Simple Sentence A sentence with a subject and a predicate
Examples:
The cat chased the mouse.
The dog slept on the floor.
The cat and dog got new toys.
Our pets got new toys and played with them.

5. Compound Sentence 2 simple sentences combined in 1 sentence (these are called independent clauses when combined)
*Use a comma (,) with a coordinating conjunction: and-but-or-yet-so
*Use a semi colon (;) with no conjunction
The cat chased the mouse, and the dog slept on the floor.
The cat chased the mouse; the dog slept on the floor.
The dog slept on the floor, but the cat chased the mouse.
My cat can play with his toys, or he can chase the mouse.

6. Semicolon or not? Semicolon should be used when:
… the 2nd clause restates the first, or when the 2 clauses are of equal emphasis.
… the 2nd clause begins with a Conjunctive Adverb (however, meanwhile, furthermore, thus, likewise), or a Transition (in fact, for example, in other words, on the other hand)
My dog slept on the floor; however, the cat preferred to play with his toys.

7. Complex Sentence One independent clause and 1 dependent (or subordinate) clause
Ind. Depend.
The cat chased the mouse because the dog was asleep on the floor.
Depend (notice comma) Ind.
Because the dog was asleep on the floor, the cat chased the mouse.
*A dependent clause has to be paired with an independent because of a subordinate conjunction.

8. BREAK FOR PRACTICE

9. Subordinate Clauses Adjective
Adjective Clause – modifies a noun or pronoun and usually follows the word it modifies
Essential Adj Clauses are necessary for the sentence to make sense – no commas are needed.
Where is the book that I gave you for the assignment?

10. Examples of Adjective Clauses
Non-essential Adj Clauses can be taken out without changing the meaning – commas are needed.
My brother, who is in the navy, is stationed in the Middle East.

11. Subordinate Clauses Adverb
Adverb Clauses – modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs and start with a SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION
Since, although, because, when, whenever, after, before, while, wherever, that
Elliptical clauses have some words missing that are implied.
Ex: She is taller than I.

12. Compound – Complex Sentence 2 independent clauses with 1 or more subordinate clauses. (notice commas – based on clause order)
The cat chased the mouse, but the mouse got away because the dog didn’t help at all.
Because the dog was asleep on the floor, the mouse got away, and the cat was very disappointed.

13. THE END!!!
Updated