3. Debt from Wars Debt from King’s extravagance Interest payments ½ tax revenue Tax structure problems Change necessary soon

4. 1. Unfair class system 2. Enlightenment ideas 3. Louis XVI’s leadership skills 4. A strong economy

5. Last called in 1614 Legislative body in an Absolute Monarchy Meeting at Versailles’ palace Each Estate gets one vote May 5 th, 1789

6. Third Estate won’t cooperate; knows result Meets in Tennis Court King offers two votes to Third Estate Third rejects King’s offer King closes the Estates General to the 3 rd Estate June 17 th, 1789

7. June 20 th, 1789 Three Estates meet Form National Assembly All Three Estates represented Question format of Assembly

8. National Assembly vows to make change Vow taken in Tennis Court Will not disband until Constitution is created

9. King’s Prison in downtown Paris Symbol of King’s power and control Crowds of 3 rd Estate members attack Free prisoners and gain weapons

10. Rumors of violence against peasants Untrue Rumors Violence caused against Manor houses

12. 1. March on Versailles 2. Estates General 3. Tennis Court Oath 4. Storming of the Bastille

13. Ended privileges of the Nobles Stated that all people were equal before the Law Incorporated Locke’s, Montesquieu’s and Rousseau’s ideas. Does not give rights to Women Established a Constitutional Monarchy Guaranteed Natural rights: speech, press, religion August 1789

14. 1. The king granted women the right to vote. 2. French citizens claimed their natural rights. 3. The king raised taxes to pay off the public debt. 4. French citizens supported the king against the nobles

15. King rejects the new reforms Hungry women march from Paris to Versailles Women wanted the King to show support for the National Assembly which was meeting in Paris Demands the King and Queen move back to Paris King and Queen move to Paris

16. National Assembly Pays off debt by confiscating Church land and selling it to the highest bidder. Each Church was going to elect it’s own priest as opposed to having one appointed Weakened the Power of the Church Pope Pius VI condemned the Legislation Created two churches: one loyal to the Pope and one loyal to the State 1790

17. Unicameral Legislature Divided between Royalists (in favor of the King) and Radicals (in favor of Governmental change and fast) Sit in different parts of the Chamber 1791 The Right to vote was limited to men who paid a minimum tax

18. Attempted to flee France for Austria, the home of his wife (her brother was the Emperor of Austria) Recognized by a by-stander and soldiers seized him June 1791 Forced to accept the new Government Became a prisoner of the National Assembly

19. 1792 France’s revolutionary leaders declare war on Austria Austria supported by Prussia and Sardinia

21. Boosted the French Revolutionary’s spirits September 1792 French Forces had saved the Revolution for the time being from Outside influence Valmy is 100 miles from Paris Prussia, Austria (home of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France) and Silesia (Absolute Monarchies) attacking the French Revolutionaries

22. Calendar adopted 9.22.1792: Day one Year one. Calendar divided along natural guidelines Country divided on natural boundaries Democratic Reforms: Enlightened-ish reforms: constitution, Universal male suffrage, metric system.

23. Went to court in December 1792 A box of letters was found in which the King’s secret correspondence with foreign monarchs; it was brought to the trial Beheaded in January 1793 Convicted of “conspire[ing] against the liberty of the nation” Crowds celebrated his beheading Republic will remain

24. 1. They called for the fall of the absolute monarchy. 2. They encouraged the conquests of Napoleon. 3. They fought to maintain France’s colonial empire. 4. They supported the combination of church and state

25. Directed the entire war effort Summer of 1793:Adopted conscription: called all males 18-45 to war Skilled people were called by the Country to assist the war effort The Committee turned the War into the first “People’s War”: fought of, by and for the People. Led by Maximilien de Robespierre

26. July 1793-1794 Jacobins (Radicals) attempted to purge society of those who were not part of the War/Revolutionary effort They crushed all those “not of their kind” All were afraid that the others were spies for Girondists (Moderates) 17,000 executions/85% were commoners Guillotine Marie Antoinette was among the victims After Robespierre’s death they lost power

27. Only citizens who owned property could vote Government was under wealthy middle class control Executive council with 5 directors Directory ruled a two house legislature Universal male suffrage was ended/ property owners were the only ones allowed to vote

28. Corrupt Leadership- Directors have financial and moral scandals which dominate their rule 5 men called directors/ Bi-cameral leglislature Little effort to resolve the growing gap between the rich and the poor Used the Army to put down the uprisings in Cities

30. 1799- Napoleon returns to a hero’s welcome and overthrows the Directory in a coup de ‘etat. Napoleon proclaimed a new constitution replacing the Constitution of 1795, and establishes a republic As the head of the Army, Napoleon is the logical choice to lead the country

31. The executive branch was a committee of three members called Consuls, a title from Ancient Rome Napoleon was the First Consul Wanted to restructure the Government Effectively established a Dictatorship- 1802 establishes himself as Dictator for Life

32. 1804 Literally placed the crown on his own head- significant because the Pope usually does it but he didn’t want to associate with the Church

33. Based on Enlightenment ideas Placed the State above the individual Developed a sense of Nationalism; love of country Women lost their rights, even more. Allowed censorship of print: limited freedom of speech- not really Enlightened.

34. Napoleon allowed that Catholicism was a majority decision. Treaty with the Church Allowed Religious tolerance Napoleon retained the right to name important Church officials Mends the rift between the Church and the State

35. 1805 British Naval Admiral Nelson defeats the French Navy Removes the possibility of the French invading Great Britain Fought off the southern coast of Spain

36. The French defeat at Trafalgar, forces an alternative to the invasion of GB. Napoleon decides to use Economic means to defeat Great Britain

37. Caused by Alexander I’s withdraw from the Continental System- he had to trade with Britain This made Napoleon Mad Assembled an army of 600,000 May 1812 started for Moscow Russians employ the “scorched earth” policy- destroy all resources in the French army’s path Cold sets in/Army is hungry 200,000 make it back to France Utter failure

38. March 1 st 1815 -Upon return to France, Napoleon abdicates the Throne Louis XVIII takes over Exiles Napoleon to Elba, a small island off of French Coast He escapes Returns to rule for 100 day

39. June 1815 French army meets combined forces of Britain, Netherlands, Prussia at Waterloo, Belgium France is beaten badly

40. 1815-Napoleon is exiled to a small island in the South Atlantic named St. Helena Dies there in 1821 Buried in Notre Dame, Paris Moved across the River Seine to his current resting spot near the Eiffel Tower

42. Sept 1814 to June 1815 Meet in Vienna, Austria Attended by all European Nations delgates The Big Four (Britain, Russia, Austria and France) attempt to establish European Stability

43. Guided by three principals: Restoration: restoring the Absolute Monarchs to the their thrones Reparation: the countries of Europe should be repaid for their expenses incurred while fighting France Balance of Power: No country should be able to dominate Continental Europe

44. Neutral Territories around France Attempting to keep France from undermining the rulers of neighboring countries Other rules didn’t want France’s type of rule to spread to their countries Austrian Netherlands, Dutch Netherlands become one country between France and Prussia

45. Reactionaries people who opposed change and wanted to return to the way it was Liberals- accepted the ideas of the Enlightenment and the results of the French Revolution. Believed in democratic reforms and individual freedoms.

46. Alliances are the promise of one country to help another in the alliance Alliances were called Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia Concluded the alliance in 1815 France was admitted three years later Alliances were in place to prevent democratic revolution

47. The Meetings of the Alliances were called the Concert of Europe and helped European countries avoid conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars Metternich achieved his political goals in opposing Liberalism and Nationalism as well as defending the Absolute Monarchies of Europe

48. The idea of the people controlling their countries and not the Kings was not eliminated by the Metternich System In Germany, students rose up against the government In Spain, the Absolute Monarch was forced to accept a constitution In Greece the people won their independence from Turkey in 1829 The ideas of the French Revolution lived on!