1. Absolute Monarchs Textbook Chapter 18

3. The Power of Spain: Main Idea Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s Economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s Economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s

4. The King Becomes Emperor 1516 - King Charles I becomes king of Spain 1516 - King Charles I becomes king of Spain Rules as ABSOLUTE MONARCH Rules as ABSOLUTE MONARCH Absolute monarchs have divine right and may not be challenged Absolute monarchs have divine right and may not be challenged In Spain, Charles struggled to control empire In Spain, Charles struggled to control empire

5. Charles V and the Empire 1519 – throne of Holy Roman Empire vacant, King Charles I becomes Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519 – throne of Holy Roman Empire vacant, King Charles I becomes Holy Roman Emperor Charles V How might being both King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor create difficulties for Charles?

6. Charles V and Religion Wants all of Europe to be Catholic Wants all of Europe to be Catholic 1521 – confronts Martin Luther1521 – confronts Martin Luther Rebellions against Catholic rulers spreadRebellions against Catholic rulers spread Charles V is forced to sign Peace of AugsburgCharles V is forced to sign Peace of Augsburg Martin Luther

7. Dividing the Empire 1556 – Charles V gives up throne 1556 – Charles V gives up throne Splits empire between brother and son Splits empire between brother and son Brother – Hapsburg holdings in AustriaBrother – Hapsburg holdings in Austria Son – Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s coloniesSon – Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies Ferdinand Philip

8. Thinking Questions In what ways was Charles the V a successful emperor? In what ways was Charles the V a successful emperor? In what ways was he unsuccessful? In what ways was he unsuccessful?

9. Spain Under Philip II Spain at peak of grandeur Spain at peak of grandeur Marries Queen Mary I of England Marries Queen Mary I of England No heir No heir 1560s – Calvinist Protestants in northern Low Country provinces revolt 1560s – Calvinist Protestants in northern Low Country provinces revolt

10. Dutch Revolt Philip II sends Duke of Alba with army to punish Dutch Philip II sends Duke of Alba with army to punish Dutch Court of Blood - tortures and executes rebelsCourt of Blood - tortures and executes rebels Revolt continued until 1609 Revolt continued until 1609

11. Spain and England English aid Dutch – both Protestant English aid Dutch – both Protestant English sea dogs attack Spanish ships English sea dogs attack Spanish ships King Philip II decides to invade England King Philip II decides to invade England Sir Francis Drake

12. Spanish Armada Naval fleet assembled to attack England Naval fleet assembled to attack England Queen Elizabeth I is prepared for attack Queen Elizabeth I is prepared for attack

13. An Empire in Decline Spain recovers from Spanish Armada, but still has internal problems Spain recovers from Spanish Armada, but still has internal problems Gov’t not centralized – Philip trusts nobodyGov’t not centralized – Philip trusts nobody Wealth from America on warWealth from America on war Philip borrows lots of money, goes into bankruptcy 4 timesPhilip borrows lots of money, goes into bankruptcy 4 times

14. Thinking Question What were 2 events that caused problems for Spain? What were 2 events that caused problems for Spain? What effects might bankruptcy have on the development of Spain? What effects might bankruptcy have on the development of Spain?

15. Absolute Monarchy in France: Main Idea Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French monarchy Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French monarchy Louis XIV set the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe Louis XIV set the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe

16. Religious War and Henry IV 1560s – 1 in 10 French = Huguenots 1560s – 1 in 10 French = Huguenots Threat to Catholic French monarchyThreat to Catholic French monarchy “one king, one law, one religion”“one king, one law, one religion” Religious conflict was challenge to absolute monarchyReligious conflict was challenge to absolute monarchy John Calvin

17. Conflict and New King St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ordered by Queen Catherine de’Medici St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ordered by Queen Catherine de’Medici 70,000 Huguenots killed70,000 Huguenots killed Henry of Navarre escapes death by denying religion Henry of Navarre escapes death by denying religion 1593 – coverts to Catholicism1593 – coverts to Catholicism Becomes King Henry IVBecomes King Henry IV

18. Compromise and Progress 1598 - Edict of Nantes 1598 - Edict of Nantes Gives Huguenots limited freedom of worship – no longer need to follow religion of kingGives Huguenots limited freedom of worship – no longer need to follow religion of king Catholicism is still official religionCatholicism is still official religion Henry focuses on repairing war-torn country Henry focuses on repairing war-torn country Henry of Navarre

19. Thinking Question What were some of the high points and low points in the life of Henry IV? What were some of the high points and low points in the life of Henry IV?

20. Louis XIII and Richelieu 1610 – Henry IV murdered, son Louis XIII crowed 1610 – Henry IV murdered, son Louis XIII crowed Cardinal Richelieu = right-hand man Cardinal Richelieu = right-hand man Reduce power of Huguenots and strengthen monarchyReduce power of Huguenots and strengthen monarchy Cuts off supplies to port city of La RochelleCuts off supplies to port city of La Rochelle Louix XIII

22. Threat from Nobles Louis XIII and Richelieu suppress nobles Louis XIII and Richelieu suppress nobles Richelieu’s spies uncover series of secret planned revoltsRichelieu’s spies uncover series of secret planned revolts Punishments severe and included executionPunishments severe and included execution Richelieu directs foreign policy Richelieu directs foreign policy Thirty Years WarThirty Years War Sides with Protestants in effort to overthrow HapsburgsSides with Protestants in effort to overthrow Hapsburgs

23. Thinking Question Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies? Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies?

24. Monarchy of Louis XIV Louis XIII and Richelieu die Louis XIII and Richelieu die Louis XIV crowned at time of power, prosperity, and glory Louis XIV crowned at time of power, prosperity, and glory Rise of the “Sun King” Rise of the “Sun King” Cardinal Mazarin advisesCardinal Mazarin advises Begins to rule by himself at age 18Begins to rule by himself at age 18

25. Louis XIV, Absolutism, and Versailles Begins tradition of absolute monarchy that lasts over a century Begins tradition of absolute monarchy that lasts over a century Deprives nobles of influence Deprives nobles of influence Urges nobles to develop expensive new habits of dressing, dining, and gambling Urges nobles to develop expensive new habits of dressing, dining, and gambling

26. Spectacle at Versailles Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly power Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly power Louis XIV’s style emphasized political strengthLouis XIV’s style emphasized political strength Practically every moment of king’s day required rituals by bowing courtiersPractically every moment of king’s day required rituals by bowing courtiers

27. Louis and Protestantism Smashed power of Huguenots Smashed power of Huguenots 1685 - revoked Edict of Nantes1685 - revoked Edict of Nantes Results in financial crisisResults in financial crisis Treasury saved by policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert Treasury saved by policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert Enlarges militaryEnlarges military Spends money on good equipmentSpends money on good equipment Louis XIV becomes most powerful ruler in Europe Louis XIV becomes most powerful ruler in Europe

28. War Over a Throne War of Spanish Succession War of Spanish Succession Louis wants Spanish throne for his oldest son Louis wants Spanish throne for his oldest son 1701 - England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire went to war against France 1701 - England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire went to war against France

29. Treaty of Utrecht 1713 - After many defeats, Louis accepts treaty 1713 - After many defeats, Louis accepts treaty Louis’ grandson got Spanish throneLouis’ grandson got Spanish throne France and Spain never to be ruled by same monarchFrance and Spain never to be ruled by same monarch Louis gave up territory acquiredLouis gave up territory acquired Louis XIV remains in power until death in 1715

30. Thinking Question What were some main events during Louis XIV’s reign? What were some main events during Louis XIV’s reign?

31. Monarchy in England: Main Idea In contrast to the absolute monarchies of Spain and France, the English monarch was limited by Parliament In contrast to the absolute monarchies of Spain and France, the English monarch was limited by Parliament Following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful Following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful

32. The Tudors and Parliament Henry and Elizabeth Henry and Elizabeth In England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchyIn England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchy Monarchs had to learn to work with ParliamentMonarchs had to learn to work with Parliament Henry VIII created Protestant Church in EnglandHenry VIII created Protestant Church in England Had Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in EnglandHad Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in England Henry VIII

33. Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth Henry VIII  Edward  Mary I Henry VIII  Edward  Mary I Bloody Mary makes England CatholicBloody Mary makes England Catholic 1558 - Mary dies1558 - Mary dies Elizabeth I crowned queen Elizabeth I crowned queen Returns England to Anglican ChurchReturns England to Anglican Church Tension between Elizabeth and Parliament Tension between Elizabeth and Parliament I will NOT marry!

34. Elizabeth in Charge Elizabeth allows Parliament to speak their minds without fear of punishment Elizabeth allows Parliament to speak their minds without fear of punishment Elizabeth clearly in charge, but subjects still questioned her actions Elizabeth clearly in charge, but subjects still questioned her actions Earl of Essex rebelledEarl of Essex rebelled Essex executed as traitorEssex executed as traitor

35. Thinking Question What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do? What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do?

36. The Stuarts and Parliament Relative of the Tudors from Scotland succeeded Elizabeth Relative of the Tudors from Scotland succeeded Elizabeth James I James I Considered outsiderConsidered outsider Rarely got the money he needed from ParliamentRarely got the money he needed from Parliament Sees Puritans as a threat to his powerSees Puritans as a threat to his power Publishes the King James BiblePublishes the King James Bible

37. Charles I Defines Parliament 1625 - James I dies, son Charles I takes over 1625 - James I dies, son Charles I takes over Declines in popularity when marries Catholic princess Declines in popularity when marries Catholic princess Parliament refused to provide money until Charles signed Petition of Right Parliament refused to provide money until Charles signed Petition of Right Charles I

38. Thinking Question Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament? Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament?

39. The English Civil War Conflict continued between absolute monarch and independent Parliament Conflict continued between absolute monarch and independent Parliament Parliament limited king’s powers and demanded to be called at least every 3 years Parliament limited king’s powers and demanded to be called at least every 3 years 1640 - Parliament reconvened because Charles wants $  “Long Parliament” 1640 - Parliament reconvened because Charles wants $  “Long Parliament” Parliament ruled king could no longer dismiss Parliament Parliament ruled king could no longer dismiss Parliament

40. War with Parliament Radical Puritans try to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church  treason charges Radical Puritans try to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church  treason charges Charles led troops into House of Commons Charles led troops into House of Commons 1642 - English Civil War officially begins 1642 - English Civil War officially begins

41. Royalists and Roundheads King relied on Royalists to pay for army King relied on Royalists to pay for army Parliament supported army by voting for funding Parliament supported army by voting for funding RoundheadsRoundheads Led by Oliver CromwellLed by Oliver Cromwell 1646 - king surrenders and Cromwell dismisses all members of Parliament who disagreed with him  Rump Parliament 1646 - king surrenders and Cromwell dismisses all members of Parliament who disagreed with him  Rump Parliament

42. Trial and Execution Rump Parliament charged king with treason and put him on trial Rump Parliament charged king with treason and put him on trial Charles defended himself and recognized authority of Parliament to put him on trialCharles defended himself and recognized authority of Parliament to put him on trial Charles sentences to death and executed January 30, 1649Charles sentences to death and executed January 30, 1649

43. England Under Cromwell England’s gov’t  commonwealth England’s gov’t  commonwealth Cromwell given title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland Cromwell given title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland Foreign Issues Foreign Issues Military expeditions to Scotland and IrelandMilitary expeditions to Scotland and Ireland Economic policies led to war with Dutch over trade; also warred on SpainEconomic policies led to war with Dutch over trade; also warred on Spain

44. A Defender of Absolutism People troubled by constant turmoil in England People troubled by constant turmoil in England Thomas Hobbes fled to France during Cromwell’s rule Thomas Hobbes fled to France during Cromwell’s rule Hobbes wrote LeviathanHobbes wrote Leviathan

45. Thinking Question What were some effects of the English Civil War? What were some effects of the English Civil War?

46. Monarchy Returns: The Restoration 1658 - Cromwell dies, son replaces but not a good leader 1658 - Cromwell dies, son replaces but not a good leader Parliament eventually votes to bring back monarchy Parliament eventually votes to bring back monarchy Charles II invited to be king Charles II invited to be king Had to agree to Parliament’s conditionsHad to agree to Parliament’s conditions Charles II

47. The Reign of Charles II Has to address conflict with Dutch, religious tensions, role of Parliament Has to address conflict with Dutch, religious tensions, role of Parliament Supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen Church of England Supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen Church of England Reopens theaters, passes Habeas Corpus Act, after Great Fire supports public construction Bubonic plague returned, Great Fire of London

48. James II, William and Mary James II = brother of Charles and CATHOLIC James II = brother of Charles and CATHOLIC Glorious Revolution Glorious Revolution 1688 - William and Mary invited to become monarchs1688 - William and Mary invited to become monarchs Both ProtestantBoth Protestant James fled to FranceJames fled to France William and Mary

49. Changes in Government Bill of Rights Bill of Rights William and Mary had to sign before taking throneWilliam and Mary had to sign before taking throne Parliament must approve all taxesParliament must approve all taxes Constitutional monarchy Constitutional monarchy Term for monarchy limited by lawTerm for monarchy limited by law England rejected concept of absolute monarch who ruled by divine rightEngland rejected concept of absolute monarch who ruled by divine right

50. Thinking Questions What happened during the Glorious Revolution? What happened during the Glorious Revolution?