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Articulated pectoral girdle
Figure 7.25a The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromio- clavicular joint Clavicle Scapula Articulated pectoral girdle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right clavicle, superior view
Figure 7.25b The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right scapula, anterior aspect
Figure 7.26a The scapula. Suprascapular notch Acromion Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right scapula, posterior aspect
Figure 7.26b The scapula. Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior angle Acromion Supraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Infraspinous fossa Medial border Lateral border Right scapula, posterior aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Right scapula, lateral aspect
Figure 7.26c The scapula. Supraspinous fossa Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Infraspinous fossa Subscapular fossa Spine Glenoid cavity Posterior Anterior Infraspinous fossa Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Inferior angle Right scapula, lateral aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb
The Upper Limb 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb Arm Humerus Forearm Radius and ulna Hand 8 carpal bones in the wrist 5 metacarpal bones in the palm 14 phalanges in the fingers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.27 The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow.
Greater tubercle Head of humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Inter- tubercular sulcus Surgical neck Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity Medial supracondylar ridge Coronoid fossa Lateral supracondylar ridge Olecranon fossa Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Anterior view Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.28a–b Radius and ulna of the right forearm.
Radial notch of the ulna Head Neck tuberosity Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Interosseous membrane Ulna Radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process Distal Radial styloid Anterior view Posterior view Neck of radius Head of © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Figure 7.28c–d Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Olecranon Trochlear notch View Coronoid process Radial notch Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Ulnar notch of radius Articulation for lunate Articulation for scaphoid Radial styloid process Head of ulna Ulnar styloid process View Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Posterior view of extended elbow Anterior view at the elbow region
Figure 7.27c–d The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow. Humerus Capitulum Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Olecranon Lateral Head Neck Posterior view of extended elbow Anterior view at the elbow region © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges
Metacarpus (Palm) Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5 from thumb to little finger) form the palm Phalanges (Fingers) Fingers numbered 1–5 starting at thumb (pollex) Digit #1 (Pollex) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx Digits #2 – 5 have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Anterior view of right hand Posterior view of right hand
Figure Bones of the right hand. Phalanges • Distal • Middle • Proximal Metacarpals • Head Sesamoid bones • Shaft • Base Carpals IV III II V • Hamate I Carpals II III IV I V • Trapezium Carpals • Capitate • Hamate • Pisiform • Trapezoid • Capitate • Triquetrum • Scaphoid • Triquetrum • Lunate • Lunate Ulna Radius Ulna Anterior view of right hand Posterior view of right hand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum
Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs Support pelvic organs Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint Three fused bones form coxal bone Ilium, ischium, and pubis Bony pelvis formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Animation: Rotatable Pelvis
Figure Pelvis. PLAY Animation: Rotatable Pelvis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Lateral view, right hip bone
Figure 7.31a The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Anterior gluteal line Ala Posterior gluteal line Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iIiac spine Inferior gluteal line Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Ischial spine Pubic body Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Ischium Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Lateral view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.31c The hip (coxal) bones.
Anterior gluteal line Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior gluteal line Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Inferior gluteal line Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Pubic body Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Ischium Inferior pubic ramus Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Obturator foramen Lateral view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Medial view, right hip bone
Figure 7.31b The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Iliac crest Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Body of the ilium Arcuate line Auricular surface Superior pubic ramus Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pubic tubercle Lesser sciatic notch Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Ischium Ischial ramus Inferior pubic ramus Medial view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.31d The hip (coxal) bones.
Auricular surface Ilium Anterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Arcuate line Posterior inferior iliac spine Superior pubic ramus Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine Pubic tubercle Lesser sciatic notch Ischium Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Inferior pubic ramus Ischial ramus Obturator foramen Medial view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (2 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 7.4 Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.32a–b Bones of the right knee and thigh.
Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Apex Linea aspera Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Lateral condyle Popliteal surface Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Posterior Medial condyle Patella (kneecap) Lateral epicondyle Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view Femur (thigh bone) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Inferior articular surface Anterior view
Figure 7.33a The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Superior tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Inferior tibiofibular joint Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Inferior articular surface Posterior view
Figure 7.33b The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Articular surface of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Inferior articular surface Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Tibial
Figure 7.33c–d The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Fibula articulates here Tibial tuberosity Line for soleus muscle Anterior view, proximal tibia Posterior view, proximal tibia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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X ray of Pott’s fracture of the fibula
Figure 7.33e The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Parts of fractured fibula X ray of Pott’s fracture of the fibula © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Foot: Tarsus, Metatarsus, Phalanges
Seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5 from hallux to little toe) Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms "ball of the foot" Phalanges 14 bones of toes Digit #1 (Hallux) has 2 bones - no middle phalanx Digits #2–5 have 3 bones—distal, middle, and proximal phalanx © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I II III Metatarsals IV Medial
Figure 7.34a Bones of the right foot. Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I II III Metatarsals IV Medial cuneiform V Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Medial Talus malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform
Figure 7.34b Bones of the right foot. Talus Medial malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity Medial view PLAY Animation: Rotatable Bones of the Foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Intermediate cuneiform
Figure 7.34c Bones of the right foot. Lateral malleolar facet Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Talus Calcaneus Cuboid Fifth metatarsal Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Medial longitudinal arch
Figure 7.35a Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch Lateral aspect of right foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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X ray, medial aspect of right foot
Figure 7.35b Arches of the foot. X ray, medial aspect of right foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
Infant skull has more bones than adult skull Skull bones such as mandible and frontal bones are unfused Skull bones connected by fontanelles Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes Ease birth and allow brain growth Four fontanelles Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Temporal bone (squamous portion)
Figure 7.36a–b Skull of a newborn. Frontal suture Frontal bone Anterior fontanelle Ossification center Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone Superior view Frontal bone Sphenoidal fontanelle Parietal bone Ossification center Posterior fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Occipital bone Temporal bone (squamous portion) Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 7.37 A baby born with a cleft lip and palate.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Developmental Aspects: Old Age
Intervertebral discs thin, less hydrated, and less elastic Risk of disc herniation increases Several centimeter height loss common by 55 Costal cartilages ossify Rigid thorax causes shallow breathing and less efficient gas exchange All bones lose mass, so fracture risk increases © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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