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The Hip
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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae) Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs Support pelvic organs
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Os coxae Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
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Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis
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Animation: Rotatable pelvis
Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine llium Sacrum Pubic bone Pelvic brim Coccyx Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis Figure 7.29
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Hip Bone Three regions Ilium Superior region of the coxal bone
Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) Ischium Posteroinferior part of hip bone Pubis Anterior portion of hip bone Midline pubic symphysis joint
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Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
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Acetabulum
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Ischial tuberosity
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(a) Lateral view, right hip bone
Ilium Posterior gluteal line* Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine* Inferior gluteal line Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine* Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic body Pubis Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis* Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ischial ramus (a) Lateral view, right hip bone Figure 7.30a
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(b) Medial view, right hip bone
Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine* Body of the ilium Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine* Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis)* Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial ramus (b) Medial view, right hip bone Figure 7.30b
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Female pelvis Adapted for childbearing True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Male pelvis Tilted less forward Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep A man’s hip
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Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Characteristic Female Male Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚ Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally
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Table 7.4
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Table 7.4
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Table 7.4
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The Lower Limb Carries the weight of the body
Subjected to exceptional forces Three segments of the lower limb Thigh: femur Leg: tibia and fibula Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes
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Femur Largest and strongest bone in the body
Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
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Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest
Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Apex Linea aspera Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Posterior Medial condyle (a) Patella (kneecap) Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Figure 7.31
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Bones of the Leg Medial leg bone
Tibia Medial leg bone Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
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Bones of the leg Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
Fibula Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur Site of muscle attachment Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
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Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint
Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (a) Anterior view Figure 7.32a
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(b) Posterior view Articular surface Articular surface of
of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Articular surface Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Posterior view Figure 7.32b
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Foot: Tarsals Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot
Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms
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Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” Phalanges The 14 bones of the toes Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges Hallux has no middle phalanx
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Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform
1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Figure 7.33a
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Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot
Talus Facet for medial malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot Figure 7.33b
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Arches of the Foot Arches are maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons Arches allow the foot to bear weight Three arches Lateral longitudinal Medial longitudinal Transverse
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(a) Lateral aspect of right foot
Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch (a) Lateral aspect of right foot Figure 7.34a
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Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull Skull bones such as the mandible and frontal bones are unfused At birth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles Fontanelles Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones Four fontanelles Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid
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