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Reform and a New American Culture
U.S. History Chapter 15
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The Reforming Spirit Social reform is an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society
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Second Great Awakening
The religious movement that stressed free will rather than predestination
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Second Great Awakening
Individuals could choose to save their souls by their own actions Revivals: huge outdoor meetings
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Hospital Reform Dorothea Dix found people with mental illness were jailed as criminals Dix persuaded legislators to treat insanity as illness instead of a crime
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Prison Reform Dix also found overcrowding in prisons and prisoners serving lengthy sentences for minor crimes Debtors: people who cannot pay the money they owe
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Temperance Movement Campaign against alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse was seen as most serious social problem, leading to child abuse and the break up of families
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Temperance Movement Maine Laws banned the sale of alcohol
Carrie Nation
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Improving Education 1814: New York passed law requiring tax-supported school districts By 1850, public elementary schools were built in most northern states
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Improving Education Thomas Galludet helped improve education for people with disabilities Opened a school for the deaf
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Abolitionist Movement
Campaign to end slavery Religious beliefs led some Americans to oppose slavery
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Abolitionist Movement
Abolitionists wanted to end slavery completely in the U.S.
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Colonization Movement
American Colonization Society proposed to end slavery by setting up an independent colony in Africa for freed slaves.
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Opposition to Abolition
In both North and South, some people saw abolition as a threat to their economic livelihood Southern economy was dependent on cotton plantations
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Underground Railroad Network of black and white abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom in the North or Canada
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Underground Railroad Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners if they stayed in northern states Free States vs. Slave States: Iowa was free state farthest west
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Seeking Equal Rights Involvement in the abolitionist movement caused many women to join struggle for women’s rights
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Seeking Equal Rights Women had few rights in mid-1800s
A working woman’s wages belonged to her husband
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Seneca Falls Convention
Delegates passed resolutions demanding equality for women “all men and women are created equal”
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Seneca Falls Convention
Education was key to equality; women could now study math and medicine Resolutions to educate the whole society
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New Careers Women found jobs in careers reserved previously for men
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to earn a medical degree and become a licensed doctor
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Art Before 1800, European painting traditions influenced the American painting styles Mid-1800s, American artists began developing their own styles
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Art Hudson River School in New York produced artists who painted scenes of American life and landscapes
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Literature Democracy was a common theme in the poetry of Walt Whitman
Henry David Thoreau wrote about nature and simple living: Walden
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Literature Transcendentalists believed the most important truths in life transcended, or went beyond, human reason. Individualism or “inner light” to guide lives and improve society – Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Literature “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music he hears.” Thoreau in Walden
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Literature: Novels The Legend of Sleepy Hollow: Washington Irving
The Last of the Mohicans: James Fenimore Cooper Moby Dick: Herman Melville
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Literature: New Authors
Women and African American writers Hardships faced by slaves, widows, orphans William Wells, Clotel
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Lessons for Modern Times
Martin Luther King was influenced by Thoreau’s idea of civil disobedience People have right to disobey unjust laws if their consciences demand it
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Review Question What was the religious movement that stressed free will rather than predestination? Seneca Falls Convention Hudson River School Second Great Awakening
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Review Question What was the religious movement that stressed free will rather than predestination? Seneca Falls Convention Hudson River School Second Great Awakening
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Review Question What was the campaign to end slavery called?
Abolitionist movement Social reform Women’s right movement
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Review Question What was the campaign to end slavery called?
Abolitionist movement Social reform Women’s right movement
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Review Question What was the gathering at which delegates passed resolutions demanding equality for women? Hudson River School Seneca Falls Convention Temperance Movement
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Review Question What was the gathering at which delegates passed resolutions demanding equality for women? Hudson River School Seneca Falls Convention Temperance Movement
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Review Question What is the organized attempt to improve what is unjust in society called? Temperance Movement Underground Railroad Social Reform
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Review Question What is the organized attempt to improve what is unjust in society called? Temperance Movement Underground Railroad Social Reform
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Review Question Why did the Underground Railroad routes lead through northern states and into Canada? Escaped slaves found little support in northern states Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners if they stayed in northern states British ships would help African Americans return to Africa
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Review Question Why did the Underground Railroad routes lead through northern states and into Canada? Escaped slaves found little support in northern states Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners if they stayed in northern states British ships would help African Americans return to Africa
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Review Question What was the campaign against alcohol abuse?
Abolitionist movement Temperance movement Mothers Against Drunk Driving
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Review Question What was the campaign against alcohol abuse?
Abolitionist movement Temperance movement Mothers Against Drunk Driving
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Review Question Which BEST summarizes the proposal of the American Colonization Society? Freed slaves should be resettled in northern states Freed slaves should be given their own territory in the US Freed slaves should be allowed to return to Africa
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Review Question Which BEST summarizes the proposal of the American Colonization Society? Freed slaves should be resettled in northern states Freed slaves should be given their own territory in the US Freed slaves should be allowed to return to Africa
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Review Question Which was NOT a new educational opportunity for women in the mid-1800s? Studying math Studying drawing Studying medicine
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Review Question Which was NOT a new educational opportunity for women in the mid-1800s? Studying math Studying drawing Studying medicine
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Review Question How did the Second Great Awakening encourage the spread of social reform? Its stress on self-improvement led to wish to improve the whole society. Its stress on acceptance of differences led to growth of new religions. Its doctrine taught people to rely on society to solve their problems.
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Review Question How did the Second Great Awakening encourage the spread of social reform? Its stress on self-improvement led to wish to improve the whole society. Its stress on acceptance of differences led to growth of new religions. Its doctrine taught people to rely on society to solve their problems.
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Review Question Which of the following was an accomplishment of educational reformers in the 1800s? Public elementary schools were built in most northern states Public high schools were built in most northern states Colleges were created for people with disabilities
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Review Question Which of the following was an accomplishment of educational reformers in the 1800s? Public elementary schools were built in most northern states Public high schools were built in most northern states Colleges were created for people with disabilities
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Review Question Which of the following was a result of Dorothea Dix’s efforts at social reform? Mental illness was treated as a minor crime Children were released from prison Insanity was treated as an illness, not a crime
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Review Question Which of the following was a result of Dorothea Dix’s efforts at social reform? Mental illness was treated as a minor crime Children were released from prison Insanity was treated as an illness, not a crime
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Review Question Which of the following does NOT belong among the abuses Dorothea Dix found in prisons? Use of debtors as slave laborers Overcrowding of prisoners Lengthy sentences for minor crimes
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Review Question Which of the following does NOT belong among the abuses Dorothea Dix found in prisons? Use of debtors as slave laborers Overcrowding of prisoners Lengthy sentences for minor crimes
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Review Question What did temperance groups view as the most serious social problem of the 1800s? Shortage of mental hospitals Alcohol abuse Overcrowded schools
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Review Question What did temperance groups view as the most serious social problem of the 1800s? Shortage of mental hospitals Alcohol abuse Overcrowded schools
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Review Question Why did southerners who owned no slaves defend slavery? They feared job competition from freed slaves The southern economy had become dependent on cotton plantations They believed women would also want more rights
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Review Question Why did southerners who owned no slaves defend slavery? They feared job competition from freed slaves The southern economy had become dependent on cotton plantations They believed women would also want more rights
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Review Question Which statement best describes the beginning of the abolitionist movement? Religious beliefs led some Americans to oppose slavery Douglass, an escaped slave, published an antislavery newspaper Some free African Americans moved to Liberia
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Review Question Which statement best describes the beginning of the abolitionist movement? Religious beliefs led some Americans to oppose slavery Douglass, an escaped slave, published an antislavery newspaper Some free African Americans moved to Liberia
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Review Question Which group benefitted MOST from Thomas Gallaudet’s reform efforts? The mentally ill People with disabilities Free African Americans
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Review Question Which group benefitted MOST from Thomas Gallaudet’s reform efforts? The mentally ill People with disabilities Free African Americans
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Review Question Which of the following themes was common in the poetry of Walt Whitman? Democracy Predestination Prison reform
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Review Question Which of the following themes was common in the poetry of Walt Whitman? Democracy Predestination Prison reform
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Review Question Henry David Thoreau is best known for what literary work? Leaves of Grass Walden Moby Dick
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Review Question Henry David Thoreau is best known for what literary work? Leaves of Grass Walden Moby Dick
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Review Question “Let (each person) step to the music he hears.” This quote expresses the belief of which literary group? Hudson River School Transcendentalists Puritans
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Review Question “Let (each person) step to the music he hears.” This quote expresses the belief of which literary group? Hudson River School Transcendentalists Puritans
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Review Question What was a central influence on the styles of American painters before 1800? Frontier life Growth of the city European painting traditions
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Review Question What was a central influence on the styles of American painters before 1800? Frontier life Growth of the city European painting traditions
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Review Question Which of the following was NOT a favorite subject of American artists in the mid-1800s? City of London Rocky Mountains New York State
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Review Question Which of the following was NOT a favorite subject of American artists in the mid-1800s? City of London Rocky Mountains New York State
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Review Question Who wanted to ship free slaves back to Africa as a means to end slavery? Members of the Quaker religion Followers of Charles Grandison Finney Members of the American Colonization Society
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Review Question Who wanted to ship free slaves back to Africa as a means to end slavery? Members of the Quaker religion Followers of Charles Grandison Finney Members of the American Colonization Society
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Review Question What directly led to 8 states passing “Maine Laws” after 1851? The temperance movement The Second Great Awakening The growth of public schools
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Review Question What directly led to 8 states passing “Maine Laws” after 1851? The temperance movement The Second Great Awakening The growth of public schools
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Review Question Who is the author known for writing “The Last of the Mohicans”? Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper Emily Dickinson
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Review Question Who is the author known for writing “The Last of the Mohicans”? Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper Emily Dickinson
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Review Question Elizabeth Blackwell is best known for her pioneering achievements for Becoming a licensed doctor Opening a high school for girls Speaking against slavery
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Review Question Elizabeth Blackwell is best known for her pioneering achievements for Becoming a licensed doctor Opening a high school for girls Speaking against slavery
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Review Question Which experience caused many women to join the struggle for women’s rights? Belief in predestination Enrollment in the Hudson River School Involvement in the abolitionist movement
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Review Question Which experience caused many women to join the struggle for women’s rights? Belief in predestination Enrollment in the Hudson River School Involvement in the abolitionist movement
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Review Question Which of the following statements BEST reflects a key belief of the Second Great Awakening? “Individuals must obey their religious leaders.” “I cannot control my destiny; it has been decided in advance.” “I can save my own soul, and my good works will improve the world.”
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Review Question Which of the following statements BEST reflects a key belief of the Second Great Awakening? “Individuals must obey their religious leaders.” “I cannot control my destiny; it has been decided in advance.” “I can save my own soul, and my good works will improve the world.”
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