1. English Constitutionalism, Pt 1
Ch 13: Paths to Constitutionalism & Absolutism
English Constitutionalism, Pt 1

2. Today English Constitutionalism Pt UNO Oliver Cromwell reading
Tomorrow = ID Quiz

3. Focus Question
What were the main issues in the struggle between the King and Parliament in England and how were they resolved?

4. What is Constitutionalism?
Limitation of government by law
Balance between authority of gov’t and rights of citizens
Government acknowledges it must respect the laws
Ultimate authority rests in voters, though monarchs possess political authority

5. An Overview of Social Classes in England
Nobility
Gentry
Yeomen
Craftsmen, tenant farmers,
and laborers

6. An Overview of Political Structure in England
King/Queen
Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons
Balanced authority

7. House of Lords Made up of nobility and superior clergy Appointed
Usually hereditary
Possess veto power

8. House of Commons Lower house
Made up mostly of landed gentry – becoming wealthier & wealthier
Elected
Given the say over all
measures to initiate taxation
Many were sheriffs, justices of
the peace, etc

9. Women Could not vote Could not hold an office
Discouraged from expressing
their political views in public
Indirectly influenced politics

10. Political Problems
King and Parliament struggled to determine each other’s role in government
James I came into power after Elizabeth's death, exercising the divine right of kings and alienating Parliament.
Tudors had acted with more balance between monarchy & Parliament

11. James I Also King of Scotland, cousin of Elizabeth I
Authorized King James version of the Bible (first English translation)
Divine right of Kings – The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598)
Died in 1625
"The State of monarchy is the supreme thing on Earth As to dispute what God may do is blasphemy, so is it treason in subjects to dispute what a king may do.....”

12. Union of England and Scotland
Proposed in 1608 (under James I/VI)
Not official until 1707 (under Queen Anne)
England + Scotland = Great Britain

13. Puritans Puritans were basically Calvinists in the Anglican Church
Preferred a “presbyterian” model of church administration and wanted James to get rid of the “episcopal” system
James refused because kings appointed bishops (POWER)
Presbyterian = run by elders and ministers
Episcopal = run by bishops

14. Charles I and Parliament
Parliament passed the Petition of Right, which prohibited the monarch from taxing the people without Parliament’s consent.
Charles I accepted it at first, but later realized how much it limited his power
Decided not to summon Parliament – 1629 to 1640
Collected some tax money through “ship money” – coastal towns paid for defense
Charles I - Son of James I

15. Charles I Religious Policy
Charles I married a Catholic woman, Henrietta Maria, from France, which aroused suspicion for his religious preference.
Tried to introduce more ritual to the Anglican church; Puritans believed it was a return to Catholicism.

16. Charles I - Religious Policy
Attempted to impose the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the Scottish Presbyterian church, who rose up in rebellion against the king

17. Charles I - Religious Policy
Charles I was forced to summon Parliament because he did not have the funds to raise an army in order to defend against the Scots.
This was their first meeting in 11 years.

18. The “Long Parliament” Lasted more or less from 1640 to 1660
Limited royal authority in their first session.
Abolished taxes imposed without Parliaments consent.
Passed Triennal Act – Parliament must meet at least once every 3 years
Pushed for the elimination of bishops in the Anglican church.

19. The “Long Parliament”
Charles I tried to arrest some of the more radical Parliament members such as John Pym and his fellow Puritans.
This pushed them too far – CIVIL WAR!!
John Pym, Puritan

20. English Civil War

21. The English Civil War Parliamentarians and Royalists.
Very few actual battles (only 4)
“War of words” – over 22,000 newspapers/ pamphlets printed
War of hardship and plundering

22. The Parliamentarians Supporters of the English Parliament.
Also known as Roundheads.
Led by Oliver Cromwell.
Wanted to bring more power to the English Parliament and remove power from the monarch.
Scots eventually ally with them

23. The Royalists Supporters of King Charles I and Charles II.
Also known as Cavaliers.
Sought to keep power with the Monarch. (King Charles I)

24. Events – Start of the War
1642 – King Charles raises his standard at Nottingham signaling the start of the war.

25. Civil War in England

26. Cromwell & the New Model Army
1645 – Cromwell created the “New Model Army”
Army ranks are based upon skill and ability rather than social class.
Did not plunder
Becomes modern military system.
Leads to success for the Parliamentarians.

27. End of the 1st Civil War
1646 – King Charles I is captured by the Parliamentarian army.

28. End of the 1st Civil War Split within Parliamentarians –
Some wanted to disband army and restore Charles I with a presbyterian state church
Independents – wanted more radical changes and no restoration of king
Charles fled and escaped with the help of the Scots – starts 2nd civil war

29. Rump Parliament
Presbyterian members purged from Parliament, leaving a Rump Parliament
Abolished monarchy & House of Lords
Tried and condemned the King on charge of treason

30. End of the 2nd Civil War
1649 – King Charles is captured by the Parliamentarian army.
He is beheaded and the Parliamentarians claim victory over the second civil war.

31. Puritan Revolution Parliament won Civil War
Proclaims England a commonwealth republic
Cromwell—military dictator

32. Oliver Cromwell
Crushes a Catholic uprising in Ireland and an uprising in Scotland, making him an enemy
Also faced opposition at home

33. Oliver Cromwell
Levellers – advocated advanced ideas like religious toleration, freedom of speech, equality of men and women, etc.
Put down by Cromwell
Other radical groups popped up as well

34. Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell as Lord Protector, military generals governed various regions
Dissolved Parliament
Levied taxes and imposed even more arbitrary policies than Charles I

35. Restoration of the Monarchy
Cromwell died in 1658
Succeed by his son and other military dictators
This did not work
Eventually Reestablished the monarchy under Charles II

36. Opposing Viewpoints: Cromwell
Answer the four questions on the back or a separate sheet of paper
What motivated Cromwell’s political and military action?
What was Edmund Ludlow’s criticism of Cromwell?
In what ways did Edward Hyde (Lord Clarendon) see both good and bad features in Cromwell?
How do you explain the differences in these three perspectives?