1. Chapter 13: The High Middle Ages Section 1: The Crusades Begin

2. A. The Background of the Crusades Main Idea – A variety of causes led to religious wars called the Crusades, which spanned more than two centuries.

3. A. The Background of the Crusades The Growth of Papal Power – Those who broke the peace by robbing the poor, a church, or attacking priests, could be excommunicated from the church. excommunicated – In 1054, representatives of the Roman Catholic Church excommunicated Michael Cerluarius,the patriarch of the Byzantine Church. patriarch Byzantine Church. – Pope Gregory VII wanted to restore the power of the papacy. The conflict was finally resolved in 1122 during the reign of Henry’s son king Henry Vpapacy

4. A. The Background of the Crusades The Pope Calls for a Crusade – A conflict arose between the Seljuk Turks, followers of Islam, and the Byzantine capital. – In 1095, Pope Gregory VII at the council of Clermont in France, called on Western leaders to join in a war to win back the Holy Land. – People joined crusades for many reasons: religious feelings, soldiers wanted military glory, and merchants wanted new markets for goods.

5. B. The First & Second Crusades Main Idea During the first Crusade, Jerusalem was recaptured and crusader states were established in the Eastern Mediterranean.

6. B. The First & Second Crusades. The Quest for Jerusalem – The first Crusade, which began in 1096, was the first of a series of wars between European Christians and Muslims. – A Christian army marched southeast across Anatolia—or present day Turkey– and conquered Edessa, which lies northeast of the Mediterranean Sea. – Here, the victors set up their first crusader state, or kingdom founded by European Christians.

7. B. The First & Second Crusades. The Second Crusade – In 1144, the Muslims captured the crusader state of Edessa. – This time, two of the most powerful monarchs in Europe, King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany led the crusaders. – Eleanor of Aquitaine, married to Louis, also joined the Second Crusade, which lasted from 1147-1149 – Pope Eugenius III called for another crusade to protect Western interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.

8. C. Later Crusades Main Idea – The Crusades had lasting effects on medieval Europe.

9. C. Later Crusades The Third & fourth Crusades – The Third Crusade, which lasted from 1189- 1192,was the direct result of Saladin’s victory.Saladin – In 1198, a new Pope, Innocent III, was elected. – The strategy of the Fourth Crusade, which lasted from 1202-1204, was to attack Egypt first and then march north to the Holy Land. – Like Gregory VII a century before him, Innocent believed in the supreme power of the papacy.

10. C. Later Crusades The Results of the Crusades – Throughout the thirteenth century, crusades continued to be organized. – For one reason or another—political schemes, poor preparation, and the deaths of key western leaders— most of these efforts failed. – The Christian religious spirit that motivated the Crusades, had a dark side. – Serving in the Crusades in order to achieve religious goals was part of the knightly code of chivalry.

11. Excommunicated – To be kicked out or excluded from something.

12. Papacy The office of the pope!

13. Patriarch The male head of a family or tribal line.

14. Byzantine Church

15. Saladin Saladin was of Kurdish heritage, and all through his career he used mainly Kurdish officials as his.Kurdish Saladin managed to revitalize the economy of Egypt, he reorganized the military forces and with the advice of his father, he stayed away from any conflicts with Nureddin, his formal lord, after he had become the real ruler over Egypt.Nureddin