1. Warm Up
From prior knowledge compare and contrast the French and American revolutions: people, impact, cause, end result

2. CH 21: REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750- 1850

3. I. Prelude to Revolution: The 18th century crises
A. Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crisis
European countries in the 1600s are competing over possessions in the Americas
Seven Years War –French are defeated by British and are forced to give colonial possessions in the Americas and in India
Cost of War in Europe forces governments to try to find new sources of revenue and the people are upset
Ideas from the Enlightenment fuel some people to question and protest the new collections of revenue

4. http://www. videopediaworld

6. B. Enlightenment and the Old Order
John Locke view of government: governments were created to protect the people emphasizing the importance of individual rights
Jean Jacques Rousseau: will of the people was sacred, people should have a say on how government is run
Nobility view on enlightenment ideas: some nobility thrived on enlightenment
Using enlightenment ideas to reform government, legal systems, taxes, and economies (Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia)

7. C. Folk Cultures and Popular Protest
Most people do not share the Enlightenment ideas and stay loyal to rulers
Monarchs during the 18th century try to increase and centralize power by collection of tax

8. II. American Revolution
A. Frontiers and Taxes
2 problems British face in the colonies:
danger of war with the Amerindians as colonist continue to push westward
money try to raise taxes on colonist
One way to raise taxes—Stamp Act of 1765
1765 – Stamp Act = colonists had to pay taxes on newspapers, legal documents, all other public papers

10. Maker: Benjamin Wilson
Date: March 18, 1766
One of the most famous and popular of the political satires commenting on the Stamp Act, this print actually celebrates the end of the tax. An instant success, the print became one of the most copied satirical prints of the period.
The print depicts a funeral procession composed of supporters of the act carrying a small coffin containing the remains of the bill toward an open vault. The vault has been prepared for the burial of all unjust acts that would alienate Englishmen. Leading the procession and preparing to deliver the funeral eulogy is the Reverend W. Scott, who is followed by the mourners: Grenville (carrying the coffin), Bute, Bedford, and Temple, some of the same Englishmen who were responsible for passing the act.
By setting the action on a dock, Wilson is able to show the large unshipped cargoes destined for America that accumulated during the period when the act was in force. Ships labeled "Conway," "Rockingham," and "Grafton" that represent the Parliamentary leaders responsible for the repeal of the bill now stand ready to carry the goods to America. Stamps just returned from America are also stacked on the wharf.

11. "This is the place to affix the stamp" During the Stamp Act crisis of 1765 one American newspaper proposed, with biting humor, that the hated British stamps take the form of the skull and crossbones.

12. “No Taxation Without Representation!”
The British government decided it should stop demanding the use of special stamps and cancelled the law in February 1766.
The colonists wanted a say in Parliament
Colonists called for a boycott of British goods, which led Parliament to repeal the act
The next year Britain placed new taxes on glass, paper, paints, and tea leading to the Boston Massacre of 1770
This led to merchants in Boston calling for a new boycott and the British sent troops to keep order
Boston Massacre – British shoot and kill five men

14. Boston Massacre March 5, Tensions between the American colonists and the British were already running high in the early spring of Late in the afternoon, on March 5, a crowd of jeering Bostonians slinging snowballs gathered around a small group of British soldiers guarding the Boston Customs House. The soldiers became enraged after one of them had been hit, and they fired into the crowd, even though they were under orders not to fire. The soldiers shot into a crowd of civilians killing three and injuring eight others, two of them mortally.

15. East India Company had a monopoly on tea to the colonies
British response to the Boston tea party: closed the port of Boston

17. B. The Course of a Revolution
First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1774 to list their grievances against Britain
Continental Congress: printed currency and organized an army
British controlled cities but not the countryside
French aided the colonist in 1778 including naval support
Treaty of Paris ended war in 1783 giving independence to colonies

21. C. Construction of Republic
Articles of Confederation served as a constitution for the US
1787 Constitutional Convention wrote new constitution
Impact of new constitution: established a democratic government giving only a small population of adult males votes and protected slavery

22. III. French Revolution
A. French Society and Fiscal Crisis
Three estates in French society:
First Estate = Catholic clergy
Made up 1% of the population, owned 10% of the land, and paid no taxes
Second Estate = nobility
Made up 2% of the population, owned 35% of the land, paid some fees, but no taxes
Got the best positions in gov’t and military
Third Estate = peasants, bourgeoisie (middle class)
Made up 97% of the population, paid all the taxes

23. Wars in the 1700s (Seven Years War) drove France into debt and new taxes had to be enacted
B. Protest Turns to Revolution
Estates General meets to raise taxes
Third Estates establishes National Assembly setting up their own government
3rd estate believes this is only way to have a say

27. C. Terror
1792 King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette attempt to flee
Louis is executed and Robespierre comes to power
Committee of Public Safety served as his power: establishing laws and serving the national defense
The National Convention votes, arrests, and executes Robespierre

31. D. Reaction and Rise of Napoleon
After Robespierre’s death the Directory is established
Directory is reactionary but too weak
The military of France takes control led by Napoleon Bonaparte
No single nation could defeat Napoleon
1812 war with Russia failed; in response European nations collectively attacked France
1814 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in Belgium

33. Napoleon’s Empire

36. Duke of Wellington Irish soldier who fought for the British army
Real name was Arthur Wellesley

39. IV. Revolution Spreads
A. Haitian Revolution
French colony of Saint Domingue is based on brutal slave treatment
Tossaint L’Ouverture takes colony in 1794
B. Congress of Vienna
European representatives met in Vienna to bring back order in Europe
Congress would reestablish and safeguard the conservative order of Europe
Impact of the Congress of Vienna: restored French monarchy, redrew boundaries of Europe

41. Toussaint Louverture tried to rebuild the collapsed economy of Haiti and reestablish commercial contacts with the United States and Great Britain. His rule permitted the colony a taste of freedom which, after his death in exile, was gradually destroyed during the successive reigns of a series of despots.
abolished slavery, and secured native control over the colony in 1797 while nominally governor of the colony. He expelled the French commissioner Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, as well as the British armies; invaded Santo Domingo to free the slaves there; and wrote a constitution naming himself governor-for-life that established a new polity for the colony.

45. Impact of Congress of Vienna:
Principle of Legitimacy = monarchs or families who had been in power prior to Napoleon and the French Revolution were restored to power
Principle of Intervention = the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to put down the revolution and restore legitimate monarchs

46. C. Nationalism and Reform
Sense of identity and unity as a people
People owe loyalty to nation rather than dynasties or political units
Each nationality should have its own gov’t
Was seen as a threat to the existing political order and was strongly opposed by conservatives
Countries are now uniting and giving people more privileges
Self determination and democratic reforms led to revolutions in 1848.

47. V. Comparative Perspectives
American Revolution
Taxation led to colonies to fight for independence
American government reflect Enlightenment ideals
French Revolution
Revolutions in France were more radical and more violent
Revolutions in France led to Haitian Revolution
Chaos led to the rise of Napoleon
Aftermath
Nationalism and Liberalism arise out of revolutions
New social classes arise demanding a new political order