1. The Formation of Western Europe
Chapter 14: AD

2. Vocabulary
Gothic: Style of architecture, Vaulted ceilings, stained glass windows, flying buttresses
Urban II: The Pope who called for the 1st Crusade
Crusade: Christian Europeans attempt to regain the holy land from the Muslims
Saladin: Great Muslim military leader during the Crusades
Richard the Lion Hearted: English king/military leader during the 3rd Crusade.
Reconquista: Effort to remove the Muslims from Spain. 500 years (1492)
Inquisition: Roman Catholic group that investigates and prosecutes people from heresy (Spain 1400s)

3. Vocabulary II
Three-Field System: Farm fields; spring, summer, winter (More Crops)
Guild: Association of the people in the same field of work (regulate)
Commercial Revolution: Increase in trade that brought Europe out of the Dark Ages (More trade/More Money)
William the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy (France) Claimed England
Henry II: English King who married a French women for French land
Common Law: Unified body of laws. Basis of many English- Speaking countries (Bill of Rights)
Magna Carta: “Great Charter” that guaranteed the basic political rights in England. (King John/Limited Government)

4. Vocabulary III
Parliament: English Representatives who make laws (House of Reps)
Estates-General: French Representatives from all three social classes (House of Reps)
Great Schism: Division of Popes (2). Rome/Avignon
Bubonic Plague: Deadly disease in Asia/Europe. Spread by rats.
Hundred Years War: British vs. French (Bloods/Cripts) off and on
Joan of Arc: French girl who rescued the French from English rule. Heard voices of Saints.

5. Church Reform and the Crusade
Monastic Revival and Church Reform
Problems in the Church
Married Priests and Bishops
Simony: Church positions were sold by bishops
Lay Investiture: Kings Controlled bishops
Reforms
Pope Leo IX and Gregory VII ended marrying of priests and simony
By 1200, the Pope was the most powerful figure in Europe

6. Cathedrals – Cities of God
A New Style of Church Architecture
Gothic style included high church buildings with huge stained glass windows

9. The Crusades Causes of the Crusading Spirit
Started with a call for help from Byzantine Emperor
Kings and Church wanted to get rid of knights that constantly fought
Younger sons were not going to inherit father’s property – wanted land/riches
Everyone had religious zeal-wanted to re-conquer holy land from Muslims
Merchants profited by leasing ships and making loans

10. The Crusades The First and Second Crusades
Crusaders conquered Jerusalem in 1099
Muslims counterattacked, recapturing Jerusalem in 1187
Third/Fourth and later Crusades
Goal was to recapture Jerusalem
Richard I vs. Saladin
Truce was made in 1192, allowing unarmed Christians to access Holy Land

11. The Children’s Crusades
1212
Two groups of children: 30,000
Starvation, slavery, not prepared for journey
Nine Crusades (4)

12. The Crusades The Crusading Spirit Dwindles A Spanish Crusade
From 1100 to 1492, Spanish involved in Reconquista- driving Muslims from Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella strengthened hold on Spain using Inquisition
All people that did not practice Catholicism were kicked out of Spain

13. The Effects of the Crusades
Lessened the power of the Pope!!!
Weakened feudal nobility
Stimulated trade between Europe & Middle East
Weakened Byzantine Empire
Deepened distrust between Muslims and Christians

14. Changes In Medieval Society
14:2

15. A Growing Food Supply Switch from Oxen to Horses
Switch to Horsepower
Three-Field System
Switch from Oxen to Horses
More productive/faster
More food equals more population
Crop rotation
Keeps fields full of nutrition
Increase in population
Live longer

16. More Changes in Europe
Guilds
Commercial Revolution
Organization of individuals in the same business or occupation
Control trade, prices, quality of work, wages, standardized businesses
Apprentice: 2-7 years
Journeymen: Masterpiece
Master: Owner/Respected
Expansion of Trade in Europe
More trade = More $$$$
Fairs (Trade Fairs)
Banks, Credit, Exchange Rates
Italians Bankers

17. Changes in Life/Learning
Cities Grow
The Revival of Learning
Trade increased need to be in cities
Narrow streets, animal/human waste, no bathing, unclean water, lack of air/light
Moved to make money
Big Business in USA (1880s-1920s Immigration)
Learned from Muslims during the Crusades
Muslim Libraries in Spain
Building of Universities
Vernacular: Books/ Writing in “native” language
Not Latin

18. England and France Develop
14:3

19. England and France Develop
England Absorbs Waves of Invaders
England’s Evolving Government
The Norman Conquest
William the Conqueror of Normandy invaded England in 1066
William declared all of England his personal property
Monarchs, Nobles and the Common Law
Henry II became King of England and Duke of Normandy
Introduced the jury into the court system, became basis for US laws

20. English Government
The Magna Carta
The Model Parliament
Henry II succeeded by Richard I, then John I
Nobles became angry when John lost wars to France and raised taxes
Forced him to sign Magna Carta
Guaranteed no taxation without representation
a jury trial
protection under common law
Starting in 1295, King summoned 2 citizens and 2 knights from every county
Eventually evolved into Parliament – House of Commons and House of Lords
House of Representatives and The Senate

21. Capetian Dynasty Rules France
France Develops
Capetian Dynasty Rules France
Philip II expands his power
Became first king to rule over all of France
Louis IX ( ) made France even stronger, eventually French Kings became more powerful than nobles
Estates-General
First Estate: Church Officials
Second Estate: Lords
Third Estate: Commoners/landowners

22. The Hundred Year’s War and the Plague
14:4

23. A Church Divided Pope Boniface VIII tries to control kings
King Philip IV doesn’t listen
Arrested the Pope
Pope Clement V moves to Avignon, France
Move weakened the Church
Urban VI vs. Clement VII
Great Schism
John Wycliffe: Jesus is the head of the Church!!!
A Church Divided

24. The Bubonic Plague 1300s hit Asia, North Africa and Europe
Outline
Fact Facts/Effects
1300s hit Asia, North Africa and Europe
Followed trade routes
Ships (Rats)
4 years to reach everywhere
2/3 or ¾ died!!!
Town populations fell
Trade decline/prices up
Serfs left (wages)
Revolts in Manors
Jews were blamed for the plague
Church lost power b/c prayers didn’t work!!!!

25. A Century of Turmoil Avignon and the Great Schism
A Church Divided
The Bubonic Plague Strikes
Avignon and the Great Schism
Pope’s office was split between France and Rome (1305) – known as Great Schism
Ended in 1417 – Pope back to Rome
Origins of the plague
Came from Asia along trade routes, spread by fleas on rats
Effects of the Plague
Town populations fell, serf labor came into high demand
People no longer trusted the Church when prayers failed to end plague
Helped to end medieval society in Europe

26. Plague Doctors

27. The Hundred Years War Early Battles Joan of Arc
English used longbow to crush French knights (Crecy, Poiters, & Agincourt)
Chivalry no longer feasible on battlefield
Joan of Arc
Believed God wanted her to defeat English
Helped to defeat English at Orleans, turned the tide of war
Impact of Hundred Years War
France defeated England, strengthened nationalism in both countries
Considered end of Middle Ages (1453)
Rise in Nationalism

28. The English Long Bow
Long Range Rifles
Battle of Crecy

29. Review Questions What was the Great Schism?
What were the three effects of the Bubonic Plague
What impact did Joan of Arc have on the Hundred Years War?