1. Church Reform and the Crusades

2. The Age of Faith A new age of religious feeling beginning in the 900s
Problems in the Church
Some priests nearly illiterate, some popes were of questionable morals, some bishops more interested in roles as feudal lords
Three main problems
Many priests were married with families (against Church rulings)
Bishops sold positions within church (simony)
Kings appointing bishops

3. Reform and Church Organization
Popes enforced Church laws against marriage and simony
Church restructured to resemble a kingdom, with pope as head
Pope formed Curia to develop canon law and act as a court
Used some money from tithes to provide social services, including hospitals

4. New Religious Orders
Early 1200s, friars began travelling to preach to the poor
New orders were formed
Dominicans, Franciscans, Benedictines
Women joined orders
Worked to help the sick and poor

6. Cathedrals – Cities of God
Larger churches; built in cities
Decorated richly
New style of architecture arose – Gothic
Unlike earlier churches which were heavy and dark, Gothic cathedrals reached upward (to heaven) with huge stained-glass windows
Meant to inspire the worshiper with the magnificence of God

9. The Crusades 1093 – Muslim Turks threatening to attack the Holy Land
Pope Urban II calls for a holy war, or Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land
Over the next 300 years, numerous Crusades were launched

10. Goals of the Crusades Economic, social, political, and religious goals
Stop Muslim attacks on Constantinople
Reclaim the Holy Land and reunite Eastern and Western Christendom
Get rid of knights who were constantly fighting each other, which threatened peace in the kingdoms
Younger sons, who couldn’t inherit their fathers’ lands, sought land, a position in society, or adventure
Merchants hoped to gain key trade routes to India, Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim traders

12. First Crusade Huge turnout of volunteers
Pope said those who died on a Crusade were assured of a place in heaven
1097, three armies of Crusaders gathered outside Constantinople
Not prepared – didn’t know the climate, geography, or culture of the Holy Land
No particular strategy to capture Jerusalem
Nobles fought among themselves
An army of 12,000 (only 1/4th of original size captured Jerusalem in 1099

15. Second Crusade 1144 – Muslim Turks recapture Holy Land
Second Crusade launched to retake it
Crusaders were defeated
Jerusalem fell to Muslim leader, Saladin

16. Third Crusade
Third Crusade to capture Jerusalem was led by Richard the Lion-Hearted , king of England
Like Saladin, he was a brilliant warrior
After many battles, both agreed to a truce
Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places

18. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
1204 – Fourth Crusade fails; instead knights looted city of Constantinople
1200s – four more crusades all fail to recapture Holy Land
Religious spirit of Crusades faded
The Children’s Crusade
1212 – 50,000 unarmed children set out to conquer Jerusalem
Most died of starvation, drowning, cold, or were sold into slavery

20. A Spanish Crusade
Muslims, called Moors, controlled most of Spain until the 1100s
The Reconquista was a long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain
Finally accomplished in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella, the Spanish monarchs

22. The Inquisition
Purpose was to unify Spain under Christianity and increase the power of Ferdinand and Isabella
Inquisition was a court held by Church to get rid of heretics, people who held beliefs that differed from Church teachings
Many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity
Suspected heretics were tortured; if they confessed, they were burned at the stake
1492 – all practicing Jews and Muslims were expelled from Spain

23. Effects of the Crusades
Trade expanded between Europe and Southeast Asia
Included spices, fruit, and cloth
Benefitted both Christians and Muslims
Failure of Crusades lessened power of popes
Weakened feudal nobility and increased power of kings
Thousands of knights and others died
Left a legacy of hatred between Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land
Led to increased persecution of Jews in Europe