1. AQA Physical Education
PHED 3

2. Evaluating Contemporary Influences
The Olympic Ideal

3. Sport reflects society
History of Sport
Sport reflects society
When society was so was sport
When position in society became accepted, so did their position in sport
As society becomes more so does sport
cruel
women’s
technological

4. A Time Line 1850-1870 – rational recreation – development of sports
Pre 1800 – popular recreation - class dominated
industrialisation - rise of middle classes
Post 1870 – Olympism – modern sports and ethics

5. Popular recreation – pre-1800
Two classes
Rich landowners –
Poor farmers –
Lack of time and
Recreation – , and
Idea of
power
working the land
income
leisure
festivals
fetes
seasonal holidays
popular recreation

6. Characteristics of popular recreation
Working classes
Local, and
Occasional /
Few (unwritten)
Physical force rather than
rather than
equipment and facilities
rural
traditional
spontaneous
festivals
rules
skill
Violent
Participation
spectating
Simple

7. Industrialisation Changes to society classes moved to towns -
replacing
Poor working conditions – hours a day, 6 days a week – Sundays -
Limits to leisure
Working
work
Urbanisation
Factories
‘crafts’ 12
church
time

8. Effects on sport No time, space, energy for
Popular recreations seen as
Conditions improved – increased
Bank holidays for excursions – to – more
traditional sports
uncivilised
participation
spectating
facilities
seaside
disposable income

9. Rise of a middle class People below but above classes
Made money during industrialisation –
Wanted society based on
Led the way in reforming ,
aristocracy
working
factory owners
businessmen
merit
education
local government
welfare of poor

10. Effects on sport Sports invented –
Transport improved – fixtures, competitions, interest
Time-keeping improved -
Growth of spectating –
Printing produced
– more informed public
rugby, tennis
‘away’
media
stop-watches
professionalism
popular press
Compulsory education

11. Rational recreation Popular recreations for sport in towns – only
Upper and middle classes wanted
Need to unruly rabble
Problems with
Middle classes playing sports at
died out
No space
pubs
disciplined workforce
control
health
school / university

12. Codification
Systematic definition of of activity and of behaviour
agreed rules at
Led to and allows for on equal level
rules
rules
Ex-public schoolboys
university
fixtures
competition

13. Characteristics of rational recreation
Regular
Complex rules –
and participating
not force-based
Developed by classes
and based
Use of complex and
participation
written
highly structured
Spectating
Skill-based
middle
Regionally
nationally
equipment
facilities

14. Typical question
Many National Governing Bodies of sport were set up in England during the period
between the late 1800s and early 1900s. Why was it necessary to form these
governing bodies and why did some of them prevent professionals from competing in their sport? (5 marks)

15. Answer Ex-public schoolboys/middle classes; Universities;
Codification;
Rules agreed;
Ethics/fair play;
Organisers/administrators;
Competitions/fixtures;
Maintain amateur status;
Exclude working classes/maintain exclusivity;
Social status maintained;
Working classes too good;

16. Social reform civilising/moralising
Middle classes – ‘ ’ of working class’ - organised activities –
, clubs ( ),
Social conscience – and
conditions
Increased care of poor – and provided
– social reformers
sport
working men’s clubs
societies
improved working
living
baths
parks
Philanthropists

17. Amateurism Based on 19th century upper classes –
Play for rather than financial gain
Taking part more important
Play fair
Abide
Exclusion
gentleman amateurs
love of sport
than winning
– sportsmanship
by the rules
of lower classes

18. Amateurism 21st century Difficult to maintain in pressures and
Professionals
But no
21st century
Commercial
monetary rewards
now allowed at Olympics
appearance or prize money

19. Athleticism Physical endeavour To produce gentleman with
Strong moral code –
Physical qualities –
Spiritual links – godliness and manliness –
with moral integrity
Public schools
honour
courage
leadership
teamwork
conformity
healthy lifestyle
Muscular Christianity

20. Olympism Individuals performing Not Striving to win - teams/Nations
Taking part
Sport for
teams/Nations
fairly
more important than winning
Amateur – for the love of sport
education
Cultural exchange

21. Still relevant in modern sport
PE in schools stresses moral values
Respect for rules and others
Olympics biggest sporting stage
Fair play awards
Still relevant in modern sport
Athletes as role models
Sport dysfunctional without rules
Doping illegal
Lets everyone take part – do your best

22. Less relevant in modern sport
Other countries – Lombardian ethic
Traditional values hinder hunger for success
Commercialism - need to be best
Based on a non-existent class
Less relevant in modern sport
Professional sports in Olympics
More elite professionals than amateurs
Values less important – sport and the law

23. Professional Sport Early concept – Romans Allows
Early 19th century forms –
Performers
Excluded
Amateur and professional -
Romans
social mobility
pedestrianism, prize-fighting
from lower classes
by gentleman amateurs
divided by class

24. Professional Sport Structure
Lower classes –
Middle classes –
Upper classes –
performer
agents, promoters, managers
patrons (sponsors)

25. Professional Sport Increasing numbers of High status –
Paid by results – pressure
Develops attitude
Leads to deviant behaviour –
Money from
- pressure
professionals
media coverage
need success
‘win at all costs’
aggression
gamesmanship
cheating
drugs
sponsorship
endorsements

26. Why does society regard elite sports performers so highly?
Media –
Winning and earnings
Part of
high profile
Role models
given high status
Lombardian ethic
entertainment industry
Social mobility

27. Why higher status for amateurs than professionals in 19th century?
Based on
Professionals from – patronage
Attempts to exclude
Amateurs –
Power -
class superiority
lower classes
moral code applied
lower classes
looked up to
ran sports

28. Professional performer - a commercial object?
Signs contract –
Can be
Brings in money through
Exploit image for company goals –
Financial rewards
like a business
‘hired and fired’
advertising
endorsements
marketability
based on results

29. Pressures of being a role model?
Media - invasion of privacy – private lives as important as
Behaviour influences young people – need for
Need to ‘perform’ all the time – leads to
and playing when
Highly competitive environment –
ability
‘clean’ image
injured
overtraining
stress

30. Olympism Competing with spirit of more important than performers
Symbols:
Olympic
Tending to disappear due to
needed to compete
sportsmanship
Taking part
winning
Amateur
rings
oath
financial support

31. Typical question
(a) How does the modern-day amateur differ from the amateur of the early 20th century ( )? (5 marks)
(b) What factors were responsible for the change in the status of professional performers from the early 20th century to modern day? (3 marks)

32. Answers (a) Early 20th C (Sub max 3 per section):
Amateur had high status in sport/society/ were best players;
Although professionals could out perform in some sports;
Controllers of sport/selected teams/formed NGB’s
Member of middle/upper classes/gentleman amateur – accept reverse
Had sufficient income/leisure time for support playing of sport;
Avoided playing against working classes/ working classes excluded from amateur;
Today (Sub max 3 per section):
Some amateurs receive money/sponsorship/appearance money/scholarships;
Where professional sports exist, amateurs often unable to compete at same level;
Amateurs tend not to have high sport/social status/ professionals now have high status;
Blurring of amateur/professional distinction/professional in the Olympics;
Sports changed from amateur to professional code 5 marks
Social prejudice against professional has now disappeared/all classes can compete
Though may still exist in some management echelons/levels in some sports;
People now respected for their talents/abilities;
Or their efforts in reaching an elite level;
Rewards for professionals now very large/media interest/sponsorship;
Encourages more to take up professional sport;
Professionals have money/resources/time to put into training;
Laws exist to prevent discrimination. 3 marks

33. Contract to compete abide by the rules Mutual agreement to
Striving to win –
Allow opponents to
Sportsmanship -
make 100% effort
demonstrate skills
etiquette of sport
Striving for personal excellence

34. Contract to Compete Ethics Rule structure
Keep to rules otherwise no competition
Allow others to demonstrate skills
Ethics
Commitment to sport
Sport is lost if try to win by unfair means
Play to best ability

35. Sportsmanship v Gamesmanship
Fair play
Bending the rules to gain advantage
Rules – written and unwritten observed
E.g. tying laces before important serve/time-wasting
Losing gracefully
Fairness, generosity
Rules not broken
E.g. kicking the ball out of play when player injured
Unethical, tactics to put opponent off

36. Sportsmanship v Gamesmanship
Allows game to run
Disrupts game
Admired by Spectators
Destroys spirit of game
Makes experience positive
Causes trouble
Officials, spectators fellow players suffer
Promotes good will
Ethical basis of play
Detract from personal achievement.
Provides sport with a set of morals

37. Dysfunctional actions
Making sport work
Dysfunctional actions
Functional actions
Arguing with referee
Give ball back to opposition after injury
Appealing for everything
Clapping opposition after losing
Deliberately fouling
Lending opposition player if short
Diving to gain foul
Deliberately wasting time
Admitting fouls - snooker
Taking drugs

38. Decline in Sportsmanship
Evidence
Solutions
More sports-related prosecutions
Fair play schemes
Positive role models – especially for children
Emphasis on winning
Bigger rewards
Better officiating - use of technology
Spectator behaviour encourages aggression
Punish negative behaviour
Media hype promotes rivalry
Encourage codes of conduct

39. Typical question
Many elite sports have a high public profile and offer the performers extrinsic rewards.
Explain what is meant by the term gamesmanship and give examples of its use in different sporting situations. (3 marks)
(b) Discuss to what extent the Lombardian ethic may have a detrimental effect upon the ‘contract to compete’. (4 marks)

40. Answers
(a) Gamesmanship – art of winning games by cunning means without actually cheating/breaking the rules;
Not follow the etiquette of the game;
Not declare a foul/admit to a foul/contradict/deceive official/claim for a decision
knowing it’s not theirs;
Verbal sledging/abuse/distraction of opponent;
Time wasting/delay play;
Pre-match psyching out tactics marks
(b) Lombardian ethic – winning is everything/second is nowhere;
Encourages performers to win/try as hard as possible within rules;
May break rules/ethics/etiquette/aggression;
But this is OK – within ethics/characteristics of activity/accepted as part of game;
Allow others to do same – need to try ones best;
But temptation to take drugs/equiv; max 4

41. Evaluating Contemporary Influences
Deviance

42. Deviancy in Sport Deviant behaviour – against societies
Criminal deviant –
Morally deviant – against what is normally accepted as ‘ ’ behaviour – varies within society subgroups
norms and values
against the law
good

43. Deviancy
Intentional breaking of rules or of sport – has detrimental effect
Cheating –
Accepting / illegal / /
Breaks
ethics
dives
fouls
drugs
bribes
betting
transfer bungs
Hooliganism
player violence
contract to compete

44. Causes of deviancy Individuals lacking
Individuals valuing winning above possible or
Rewards to resist temptation
Some deviant behaviour is becoming
Punishment due to pressures or possible
moral restraint
punishment
loss of respect
too great
acceptable
insufficient
commercial
legal action

45. Player violence Spontaneous or planned Causes: Instinct theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Social learning theory
Crowd incitement

46. Controlling players Support players Use of / Use with good discipline
awards
Training for players –
Training for officials –
official’s decisions
Punish
video evidence
citing officers
role models
Fair play
anger management
dealing with angry players

47. Leader’s responsibilities
Set
offenders
Keep offenders away from
Avoid over of certain individuals
Get players to control own
Avoid attitude
good example
Code of conduct
Punish
stressful situations
arousal
arousal
win at all costs

48. Spectator violence Hooliganism - Racist / obscene chanting
Fighting – other fans / police
Vandalism
Pitch invasions
Often large-scale – organised
Within stadia or outside

49. Hooliganism Explanations - Ritualised behaviour
Outlet for aggression against society
Tribal - group mentality
Resistance of working class to change
Tension on pitch
Sub groups - BNP/ NF
Team rivalry

50. Hooliganism But - Not always Not just working class
Not all fans local; not other sports
Not in other sports
Limited infiltration

51. Hooliganism Antecedents - Violence on Pitch Importance of game Alcohol
Unemployment
Boredom
Resistance to change
Sub groups - BNP/ NF

52. Controlling Hooliganism
Segregation
Extra
Ban
All
Family
of fans/banning of away fans
policing/stewards/ID cards
CCTV/police intelligence
on alcohol consumption
-seater stadia
enclosures

53. Consequences of Hooliganism
Segregation of fans – poor treatment of away fans
Threat to teams / players of bans – loss of income / recognition
Huge costs of policing / stewards / CCTV
Poor reputation of country

54. Typical question
Hooliganism at football matches, both inside and outside stadia, is a recurring problem.
(i) Describe three steps that have been taken to prevent such acts (3 marks)
(ii) Discuss three reasons that have been put forward as too why football should suffer from Hooliganism. Comment on the validity of these reasons. (6 marks)

55. Answers (i) CCTV in grounds;
Prevention of troublemakers travelling to matches/ban/equiv;
Banning of alcohol within grounds/ drunks/ moving kick off times;
Close local establishments/pubs/bars/ equiv;
Segregation of rival fans;
Restriction /control of ticket sales/ family areas/ Identity cards;
All seater stadia;
Increased stewarding/ policing/ policing the streets around the stadia;
Better police intelligence;
Better player behaviour;
Fine team/country/close stadia;
3 marks

56. Answers
(ii) Working class males releasing aggressive tendencies/ masculinity/macho - No evidence that working class males are any more or less aggressive than other males/ female hooligans.
Tribalism – protection of local area from ‘invading’ opposition fans/religious differences/ old rivalries/ some hooligans travel to their ‘home’ ground; - will go to an away ground to commit violent acts.
Nationalism – seeing other country’s/ teams fans as the enemy. - not all international spectators behave like this/eg Scotland; other sports/ don’t follow the crowd
Reaction by working class fans to the take-over of football by middle class spectators. - hooligans come from wide social backgrounds.
Replacement factor/football grounds becoming community focus after rebuilding of working class areas/football, the new religion. - If this were the case, why should it lead to acts of violence?
Political notions linked to racism etc by neo-nazi groups /media exposure. likely that hooliganism is multi-causal.
De-skilling of working class males, loss of traditional industries leading to lack of self value and self worth within society/ unemployment. suggestion that hooliganism is a symptom of society, not football
Status of the game/ media hype/ on pitch action/ alcohol /on pitch behaviour is controlled;
Lack of action in the past by authorities; 
Thrill seeking/adrenaline rush/habitual; 

57. Drugs in Sport Ergogenic Aid: any substance that helps performance
WADA:
PED -
any substance that helps performance
World Anti-Doping Agency
Performance-Enhancing Drug

58. Why performers may use drugs
Lack morality –
Assume everybody else is –
with drugs
Unaware of drugs
Unaware of
to achieve
Temptation to
cheat
why not me
Success only achievable
- given by coaches
health risks
Outside pressure
speed up recovery

59. Battle against drugs Provide those proved to have used drugs
Educate young against
Ensure performers aware of
if they take PEDs
Ensure performers aware of what is/what is not and what their are
testing regimes
Punish
use of drugs
consequences
allowed
responsibilities

60. Role of WADA World Anti-doping Code 2003 - Anti-doping
Signatories include , all Olympic sports and Governments
Promotes research into
Produces list of
Helps national bodies produce
Helps poorer nations
World Anti-doping Code
polices, rules and regulations
IOC 80
drug detection
banned substances
policies
test performers

61. UK anti-drug Policy Responsibility – – organises tests UK Sport
2009 – new agency in charge -
provides list of athletes involved
Testing
Miss a test or give insufficient information = ‘ ’ – 3 strikes in = ban
UK Sport
National Anti-Doping Organisation - NADO
NGB
in and out of competition
strike
18 months

62. Stamp out drugs health hazards Educate performers about
Ensure performers clear about their responsibilities and
Increase number of
Increase punishment for
Use to encourage young performers to not use PEDs.
Continue to develop
Use the law -
health hazards
result of positive test
no warning tests
proven drug use
positive role models
better tests
make taking of PEDs illegal

63. Drug testing sports Not same for all in UK Performer notifies NADO of
Tester arrives
Urine
Strict
Not all drugs
If first sample
Blood testing
sports
whereabouts
unannounced at any time
sample
2 samples
procedure
leave traces in urine
positive – 2nd sample tested
more valid, but more invasive

64. Legalise Drugs in Sport
For
Against
Save time/money
Health risk
Some undetectable
Dysfunctional role models
Aids spectacular performances
Pressure to take drugs
Competitors should make own opinion
Unfair - cheating
Everyone at same level
Destroy competition ethos

65. The Strategy Today Testing –
random; at international level; more efficient; out of season
Role models
Punishment
Education
Severe
Punish suppliers
Schools - inform about risks of drugs
Public education
Use positive role model
Negative role model - name and shame

66. Typical question
‘Elite sport performers should be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs just like any other training aid.’
Discuss this statement (5 marks)

67. Answer Yes Battle against drugs is expensive/time consuming;
Detection not effective/always behind chemists;
Difficult to define drug as compared to aid/supplement;
Sacrifices performer makes to achieve success is personal;
High performance leads to more spectators/sponsors/money;
Level playing field for all; No
Side effects are dangerous/health risks;
Young tempted to use them/role model effect;
Coaches/peer pressure may force performers to use drugs;
Sport about using natural talent;
Drug use outside this concept;
Cheating/unethical;
Costly; max 5

68. Sport and the Law freedom to change clubs at end of contract
Bosman ruling –
No restriction within EU of where to work –
Right of drug bans
Illegal for players to bet on matches –
Civil actions for
freedom to change clubs at end of contract
cannot limit number of foreigners
appeal against
match fixing
injuries sustained in games

69. Sport and the law Match officials – open to ; Managers/agents – ‘ ’;
Spectators – open to
bribes
duty of care
bungs
corruption
prosecution
stadium disasters