2. a) Introduce a new streamlined system of council and government departments to show she is going to establish a new style of monarchy. b) Keep the existing council and governmental structures but select councillors on the basis of ability, even if it means including some from previous reigns for stability. c) Signal a break with the disasters of the previous reign by sacking all Mary’s councillors and appointing her own friends to ensure support and loyalty.

3. a) Continue with the Roman Catholicism of Mary’s reign. The majority of people in England are still Catholic and this option will enable England to remain friendly with Spain and the Pope. b) Restore the Protestantism of Edward VI’s reign. This will reflect her own religious preferences and win her the support of the politically powerful classes in London, but it might damage relationships with Catholic Europe. c) Follow her father’s policy. She will break with Rome and become Head of the Church of England while retaining many of the beliefs and forms of worship of Catholicism. This will allow her to retain support and is also realistic as the Pope views her as illegitimate due to the circumstances of her parents’ marriage.

4. a) Continue the war with France, to regain control of Calais whatever the cost. b) Start peace negotiations with France and accept the loss of Calais as inevitable, even though public opinion is against this policy. c) Use her friendship with Spain to mount a joint attack against France to regain Calais and show other European rulers that she is a power to be reckoned with and not a feeble woman.

5. a) Support the Protestant nobles in Scotland and encourage them to drive the French out of Scotland. b) Continue the war with France. Winning would enable Elizabeth to dictate her own terms and force the French to withdraw from Scotland. c) Begin negotiations with the future Mary, Queen of Scots, and her representatives. She will promise to name Mary as her successor to the English throne in return for Mary’s loyalty and support.

6. a) Marry the most suitable English candidate quickly and hope to produce a male heir. b) Declare her intention to remain single and name her closest relative, Mary Queen of Scots, as her heir. c) Play for time and wait to see if a suitable candidate emerges. In the meantime she will refuse to name a successor for fear it will encourage plots to replace her.

7. a) Refuse to marry him but keep him at court as her favourite and promote him whenever possible, even though this might cause jealousy. b) Marry him. The rumours will soon be forgotten, particularly when she has children. c) Send him from court in disgrace and refuse to have any more to do with him to distance herself from the scandal.

8. a) Subsidise the woollen industry and continue to rely on this as the basis of England’s wealth. b) Look for new overseas markets, even though this might cause war. c) Begin to develop new industries such as shipbuilding and coal and iron production to make England more self-sufficient and to ensure goods for export.

9. a) Continue to borrow money, although at a reduced level of interest, and make up the shortfall with taxation. b) Debase the coinage and sell off crown assets, such as Church land. c) Demand forced loans from her wealthier subjects in return for government offices and a position at court.

10. a) Revive their feudal powers and give them control over their own counties, as they are the only ones strong enough to control their tenants. b) Keep them occupied in London. She will create meaningless titles, such as Master of the Queen’s Chocolate, so that her nobles are so busy squabbling over their status at court that they will not be a threat. c) Allow them to exercise limited patronage and power in their regions, include some in her council and encourage others to come to court.

11. a) Introduce a nationwide system of paid officials who will report directly to the crown and who will be selected on the basis of ability. b) Continue to use the gentry class as JPs. She will extend their powers and rely on their love of status as a guarantee of loyalty rather than pay them a salary. c) Continue to use the gentry class as JPs. She will extend their powers and pay them a salary to ensure professionalism.

12. a) Control MPs by using a variety of tactics, ranging from dismissing the Commons and imprisoning MPs to playing for time and avoiding decisions. b) Make it very clear at the start of the reign that she intends to reduce Parliament’s role. She will begin by abolishing Parliament’s power to raise taxes. c) Recognise that Parliament’s powers have grown considerably since her father’s time and grant MPs freedom of speech within the House of Commons, a step that will boost her popularity.

13. a) Make all tactical decisions herself, even though she lacks experience and is known to be cautious and indecisive. b) Rely on her nobles who have the necessary experience. c) Appoint a military supremo who will report directly to her. He will co-ordinate this whole area and present her with clear proposals for campaigns.

14.  10. b  11. a  12. a  1. b  2. b  3. b  4. a  5. c  6. a  7. b  8. a  9. c