1. Common Bone Features Articular surfaces – Joint surfaces (where bones come in contact with each other to form joints) – Covered by articular (_____________) cartilage – Consists of: ____________- large, round (usually distal) articular surface ____________- spherical proximal end of a long bone at the articular surface ___________- flat articular surface

2. Common Bone Features: Holes and Depressed Areas _________________ : A hole in a bone. – Usually allow the passage of nerve or blood vessel or may exist simply to lighten structure (pelvis) ______________ : A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. – Usually occupied by muscles or tendons.

3. The Skeleton ______________ Skeleton = Bones of head and trunk – skull, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, sternum _______________ Skeleton = Bones of limbs and appendages – thoracic and pelvic limbs ______________ Skeleton = bones formed in the soft organs.

4. AXIAL SKELETON

5. Skull Bones joined by immovable joints called ____________. – exception: the ______________ is freely movable at is connected to the rest of the skull by a synovial joint. Skull bones are divided into 3 regions: – Bones of the ____________ Within each region, there are external (visible) and internal (hidden within the skull) bones

6. Bones of the Cranium Cranium -portion of skull that surrounds the brain. With the exceptions of Occipital, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid, the bones of the cranium are paired

7. Occipital Bone Single bone, most caudal skull bone. Importance: – Where spinal cord exits skull _______________ magnum – Condyles articulate with first cervical vertebrae (atlas) to form ____________________ joint.

8. Interparietal Bones Located on dorsal midline between occipital and parietal bones Easier to identify in young animals, may fuse together in older animals. Parietal Bones Two bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium Well developed in small animals and humans, but relatively small in large animals.

9. Temporal Bones Ventral to the parietal bone Contain middle and inner ear structures Form the ____________________ joints with the mandible (Lower jaw) and zygomatic __________ with the zygomatic bone.

10. Frontal Bones Forms ______________ region of skull and a portion of the eye’s orbit. Located rostral to parietal bone. Contains frontal sinus ____________ are extension of frontal bone.

11. Internal (hidden) Bones of the Cranium Sphenoid Bone – Forms ____________ portion of the cranium and contains a fossa, which houses the ____________ gland. Ethmoid Bone – Located rostral to sphenoid bone. – Contains _____________ plate which has branches of olfactory nerve passing through.

12. Bones of the Ear (Ossicles) Hidden in the middle ear Order from the outside in: – ____________-hammer – ____________-anvil – ____________-stirrup Function is to transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

13. External Bones of the Face Incisive: – Also called pre_____________ bones – Most _____________ skull bones – In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. Exception: ruminants Nasal: – Forms the _____________ of the nose. – Length varies Bones of the Face With the exception of Turbinates, Vomer, and possibly Mandible, bones of the face are paired.

14. External Bones of the Face Maxillary – Form the ____________ jaw with incisive bone – House all teeth besides incisors – Forms rostral part of __________ palate – contains maxillary sinus Lacrimal – Two bones that form medial portion of the orbit of the eye. – Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.

15. External Bones of the Face Zygomatic – form portion of orbit – join with temporal bone to form zygomatic _________ Mandible – lower jaw – houses all lower teeth – only ________________ skull bonebone – forms TMJ with temporal bone – 2 bones come together at mandibular ________________ fused into one bone in some animals – 2 parts: ramus and shaft Ramus = vertical part Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal part

16. Internal Bones of the Face ____________________ Bones: – form caudal part of _____ palate ____________________ Bones: – Support part of the lateral walls of the ________ (throat). ____________________Bone: – Forms part of nasal septum (midline wall between left and right nasal passages). _____________________: – Also called nasal conchae. – Thin and scroll-like that fill most of nasal cavity space.