1. Structures of Bones Articulations: Marks: Foraminae:
contacts with other bones
Marks:
areas of muscle and ligament attachment
Foraminae:
openings for nerves and blood vessels

2. The Axial Skeleton 3D Peel-Away of Whole Axial Skeleton PLAY
Figure 7–1a

3. The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton:
forms the longitudinal axis of the body
has 80 bones

4. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The skull:
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones

5. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Bones associated with the skull:
6 auditory ossicles
the hyoid bone

6. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The vertebral column:
24 vertebrae
the sacrum
the coccyx

7. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The thoracic cage:
24 ribs
the sternum

8. Functions of the Axial Skeleton
Supports and protects organs in body cavities
Attaches to muscles of:
head, neck, and trunk
respiration
appendicular skeleton

9. The Skull The skull protects: the brain
entrances to respiratory system
entrance to digestive system

10. The Skull
PLAY
The Adult Skull
Figure 7–2

11. The Skull Has 22 bones: 8 cranial bones: 14 facial bones:
form the braincase or cranium
14 facial bones:
protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts

12. Cranial Bones Enclose the cranial cavity Which contains the brain:
and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes

13. Superficial Facial Bones
Maxillary
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Mandible

14. Deep Facial Bones
Palatine bones
Inferior nasal conchae
Vomer

15. Sinuses Cavities which decrease the weight of the skull:
lined with mucus membranes
protect the entrances of the respiratory system

16. Sutures
The immovable joints of the skull
Figure 7–3a, b

17. Sutures
Figure 7–3c

18. Cranial Bones
The 8 cranial bones
Figure 7–4a, b

19. The Cranial Bones Occipital bone Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid
Parietal bones
Temporal bones

20. Foramina of the Occipital Bone
Foramen magnum:
connects cranial and spinal cavities
Jugular foramen:
for jugular vein
Hypoglossal canals:
for hypoglossal nerves

21. Functions of the Parietal Bones
Forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium

22. The Frontal Bone
Figure 7–6

23. Functions of the Frontal Bone
Forms the anterior cranium and upper eyesockets
Contains frontal sinuses

24. The Temporal Bones
Figure 7–7

25. The Sphenoid
Figure 7–8

26. The Ethmoid
Figure 7–9

27. The Maxillary Bones
The largest facial bones
Figure 7–10a

28. The Palatine Bones
Figure 7–10b,c

29. The Small Bones of the Face
Figure 7–11

30. Functions of the Inferior Nasal Conchae
To create air turbulence in the nasal cavity
To increase the epithelial surface area
To warm and humidify inhaled air

31. The Mandible
Figure 7–12a,b

32. The Hyoid Bone
Figure 7–12c

33. The Orbital Complex
Portions of 7 cranial and facial bones
Figure 7–13

34. The Nasal Complex Bones of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Figure 7–14

35. Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities:
lighten skull bones
provide mucous epithelium (flushes nasal cavities)

36. The Vertebral Column The spine or vertebral column:
protects the spinal cord
supports the head and body

37. Regions and Curves of the Vertebral Column
26 bones:
24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx
PLAY
The Vertebral Column
Figure 7–16

38. Vertebrae of the Vertebral Column
The neck:
7 cervical vertebrae
The upper back:
12 thoracic vertebrae
each articulate with one or more pairs of ribs
The lower back:
5 lumbar vertebrae

39. The Sacrum and Coccyx
The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates with the sacrum
The sacrum articulates with the coccyx

40. 4 Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve

41. Primary Curves Thoracic and sacral curves:
are called primary curves (present during fetal development)
or accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs)

42. Secondary Curves Lumbar and cervical curves:
are called secondary curves (appear after birth)
or compensation curves (shift body weight for upright posture)

43. Structure of a Vertebra
Figure 7–17a,b

44. The 3 Parts of a Vertebra The vertebral body (centrum):
transfers weight along the spine
The vertebral arch:
posterior margin of vertebral foramen
The articular processes:
lateral projections between laminae and pedicles

45. The Vertebral Arch Pedicles: Laminae: Spinous process:
walls of the vertebral arch
Laminae:
roof of the vertebral arch
Spinous process:
projection where vertebral laminae fuse
Transverse process:
projection where laminae join pedicles