1. Absolute Monarchs Textbook Chapter 18
Interesting current event related to Scientific Revolution -

3. The Power of Spain: Main Idea
Spain experienced a golden age during the 1500s
Economic problems and military struggles decreased Spanish power by the 1600s

4. The King Becomes Emperor
King Charles I becomes king of Spain
Rules as ABSOLUTE MONARCH
Absolute monarchs have divine right and may not be challenged
In Spain, Charles struggled to control empire
Charles is teenager when he becomes king = INEXPERIENCED
Member of ancient Hapsburgs family

5. Charles V and the Empire
1519 – throne of Holy Roman Empire vacant, King Charles I becomes Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
How might being both King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor create difficulties for Charles?
Charles borrows money to buy votes
Rules part of Italy, Austria, and a number of German states as Holy Roman Emperor
When Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas
Growing Protestant movement threatened influence
As HRE, becomes enemy of Ottoman Turks, French, and German princes

6. Charles V and Religion Wants all of Europe to be Catholic
1521 – confronts Martin Luther
Rebellions against Catholic rulers spread
Charles V is forced to sign Peace of Augsburg
Even after confronting ML, Protestant continue to gain power
Charles’ vision of a Catholic Europe never became reality
Constant warfare also brought Charles to brink of bankruptcy
Peace of Augsburg – each German prince allowed to decide religion of his state
Martin Luther

7. Dividing the Empire 1556 – Charles V gives up throne
Splits empire between brother and son
Brother – Hapsburg holdings in Austria
Son – Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, Spain’s colonies
Ferdinand
Charles moves into monestary
Philip

8. Thinking Questions
In what ways was Charles the V a successful emperor?
In what ways was he unsuccessful?
Answer(s): successful—exploration of the Americas, which brought fabulous wealth to Spain; unsuccessful—did not maintain religious control over Europe; constant wars brought financial problems

9. Spain Under Philip II Spain at peak of grandeur
Marries Queen Mary I of England
No heir
1560s – Calvinist Protestants in northern Low Country provinces revolt
Gold and silver flowing in from colonies
While Spain is reaching a peak in terms of wealth and power, wealth cannot solve all problems (especially internal)
Philip and Mary have no children – no heir, England will not return to Catholicism

10. Dutch Revolt Philip II sends Duke of Alba with army to punish Dutch
Court of Blood - tortures and executes rebels
Revolt continued until 1609
Dutch refused to declare allegiance to Philip II
When revolt ends:
Seven northern provinces become independent as the Netherlands
Southern provinces remain Spanish

11. Spain and England English aid Dutch – both Protestant
English sea dogs attack Spanish ships
King Philip II decides to invade England
When England aids Dutch, already poor relationship between Spain and England gets worse
Sea dogs steal gold and silver from Spanish ships
Sir Francis Drake

12. Spanish Armada Naval fleet assembled to attack England
Queen Elizabeth I is prepared for attack
130 ships with 20,000 sailors (maneuver boat) and soldiers (land invasion)
Because England prepared:
English severely damage Philip’s fleet
Spanish ships panic and flee

13. An Empire in Decline
Spain recovers from Spanish Armada, but still has internal problems
Gov’t not centralized – Philip trusts nobody
Wealth from America on war
Philip borrows lots of money, goes into bankruptcy 4 times
Relying on traditional agricultural economy, Spain’s economy lagged behind that of other countries. Spain declined as a major power

14. Thinking Question What were 2 events that caused problems for Spain?
What effects might bankruptcy have on the development of Spain?
Answer(s): revolt in the Netherlands; defeat of the Spanish Armada
Lack of industry, education, progress

15. Absolute Monarchy in France: Main Idea
Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French monarchy
Louis XIV set the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe

16. Religious War and Henry IV
1560s – 1 in 10 French = Huguenots
Threat to Catholic French monarchy
“one king, one law, one religion”
Religious conflict was challenge to absolute monarchy
Huguenot = French Calvinist Protestant
Even noble families become Protestant
John Calvin

17. Conflict and New King
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre ordered by Queen Catherine de’Medici
70,000 Huguenots killed
Henry of Navarre escapes death by denying religion
1593 – coverts to Catholicism
Becomes King Henry IV
SBDM - Assassinations begin with nobles in town for wedding of Henry of Navarre

18. Compromise and Progress
Edict of Nantes
Gives Huguenots limited freedom of worship – no longer need to follow religion of king
Catholicism is still official religion
Henry focuses on repairing war-torn country
Henry realized compromise is necessary for peace
Edict of Nantes - Huguenots have right to hold office in 200 cities
When Henry repairs country, he improved financial situation, eliminated debt, stimulate trade, drained swamps, built canals, road

19. Thinking Question
What were some of the high points and low points in the life of Henry IV?
Answer(s): possible answer—high points: being crowned king, Edict of Nantes, reforms; low points: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, having to fight to claim throne

20. Louis XIII and Richelieu
1610 – Henry IV murdered, son Louis XIII crowed
Cardinal Richelieu = right-hand man
Reduce power of Huguenots and strengthen monarchy
Cuts off supplies to port city of La Rochelle
Louis is young and mother serves as regent
Richelieu forces La Rochelle to become Catholic
Louix XIII

22. Threat from Nobles Louis XIII and Richelieu suppress nobles
Richelieu’s spies uncover series of secret planned revolts
Punishments severe and included execution
Richelieu directs foreign policy
Thirty Years War
Sides with Protestants in effort to overthrow Hapsburgs
Thirty Years War pitted Catholics against Protestants in Central Europe

23. Thinking Question
Who did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu see as their enemies?
Answer(s): Huguenots, nobles, the Hapsburg family

24. Monarchy of Louis XIV Louis XIII and Richelieu die
Louis XIV crowned at time of power, prosperity, and glory
Rise of the “Sun King”
Cardinal Mazarin advises
Begins to rule by himself at age 18
Mother serves as regent – has been taught skills to serve as king since childhood, has much confidence in ability
Louis XIV chose the sun as his personal symbol, implying that the world revolved around him
He thus became known as the Sun King
“I am the state,” he declared

25. Louis XIV, Absolutism, and Versailles
Begins tradition of absolute monarchy that lasts over a century
Deprives nobles of influence
Urges nobles to develop expensive new habits of dressing, dining, and gambling
Absolute monarchy - demanded to be in charge of all military, politics, and economics
As nobles grew poorer, had to depend on king’s generosity just to survive
Louis XIV and nobles
Demanded nobles visit regularly at Versailles
Nobles gain prestige by being servants at Versailles, not by fighting

26. Spectacle at Versailles
Versailles was a grand spectacle of kingly power
Louis XIV’s style emphasized political strength
Practically every moment of king’s day required rituals by bowing courtiers
Examples of rituals:
Eating, dressing, walking in garden all required rituals
Louis always knew who had given what he considered proper attention

27. Louis and Protestantism
Smashed power of Huguenots
revoked Edict of Nantes
Results in financial crisis
Treasury saved by policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Enlarges military
Spends money on good equipment
Louis XIV becomes most powerful ruler in Europe
When Edict of Nantes revoke prosperous merchants/artisans flee - loss of their skills and wealth leads to financial crisis
Money and the Military
Louis’ finances always a concern
Grand lifestyle cost great deal of money
Treasury saved by efficient policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Limited imports, increased exports
Even reduced government’s debt
Most Powerful Ruler
Louis needed cash to build up military, expand French territory
Enlarged army to more than 200,000 disciplined soldiers
Spent money on good equipment
Was most powerful ruler in Europe, taking France to war four times

28. War Over a Throne War of Spanish Succession
Louis wants Spanish throne for his oldest son
England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire went to war against France
Other European countries do not want Spain and France so closely connected
Fighting over throne spreads over the Atlantic to North America

29. Louis XIV remains in power until death in 1715
Treaty of Utrecht
Louis XIV remains in power until death in 1715
After many defeats, Louis accepts treaty
Louis’ grandson got Spanish throne
France and Spain never to be ruled by same monarch
Louis gave up territory acquired
War benefited England at expense of France and Spain

30. Thinking Question What were some main events during Louis XIV’s reign?
Answer(s): building of Versailles, cancellation of Edict of Nantes, War of the Spanish Succession, Treaty of Utrecht

31. Monarchy in England: Main Idea
In contrast to the absolute monarchies of Spain and France, the English monarch was limited by Parliament
Following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful

32. The Tudors and Parliament
Henry and Elizabeth
2 prominent members of Tudor dynasty
In England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchy
Both father and daughter had to learn to work with Parliament to fulfill goals
Henry and Parliament
Henry VIII created Protestant Church in England to divorce first wife
Had Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in England
Act of Supremacy

33. Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth
Henry VIII  Edward  Mary I
Bloody Mary makes England Catholic
Mary dies
Elizabeth I crowned queen
Returns England to Anglican Church with help of Parliament
Tension between Elizabeth and Parliament
Wanted Elizabeth to marry, she said “NO!”
Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit her freedom
Still managed to talk Parliament into approving funds she needed

34. Elizabeth in Charge
Elizabeth allows members of Parliament to speak their minds without fear of punishment
Elizabeth was clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping subjects from questioning her actions
Earl of Essex rebelled against authority
Essex executed as traitor
Not the last to question Queen Elizabeth’s authority
Close ties shown in fact that she called Parliament into session 10 times in 45-year reign
Asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or authority infinite?”

35. Thinking Question
What did Henry VIII and Elizabeth I work with Parliament to do?
Answer(s): to pass laws to help the monarch achieve desired results

36. The Stuarts and Parliament
Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabeth
Not as close to Parliament
James I
Considered outsider
Rarely got the money he needed from Parliament
Wanted to be absolute monarch
Sees Puritans as a threat to his power
Publishes the King James Bible
Refused to pass Puritans’ requests for reform

37. Charles I Defines Parliament
James I dies, son Charles I takes over
Declines in popularity when marries Catholic princess
Parliament refused to provide money until Charles signed Petition of Right
Limited king’s power - cannot act without approval from Parliament
Charles ends up taxing English people without Parliament - forces bankers to lend him money
Petition of Right
Placed limits on king’s power
Could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval
Parliament later refused to give Charles money again
He taxed English people on own, forced bankers to lend him money
Parliament was furious
Charles dismissed Parliament
1629, decided to rule without consulting Parliament again

38. Thinking Question Why did the Stuarts have trouble with Parliament?
Answer(s): Both wanted to rule as absolute monarchs

39. The English Civil War Conflict continued Limited king’s powers
Between king who believed in absolute monarchy and Parliament who saw itself as independent
Limited king’s powers
Having been ignored 11 years, Parliament took opportunity to further limit
Demand Parliament be called at least every 3 years
Parliament reconvened
Charles I finally reconvened Parliament to ask for money
“Long Parliament”
Grudging acceptance
Parliament also ruled king could no longer dismiss Parliament
Charles accepted new rules; but awaited right time to overturn

40. War with Parliament
Radical Puritans try to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church
King is outranged and arrested Puritan leaders for treason
Charles led troops into House of Commons, but men had already escaped
English Civil War officially begins

41. Royalists and Roundheads
King needed to rely on wealthy nobles called Royalists to pay for army
Parliament could back its army by voting for funding
Roundheads = Puritans, merchants, some upper class
Led by Oliver Cromwell
kill 4,000 of king’s men
king surrenders and Cromwell dismisses all members of Parliament who disagreed with him
Rump Parliament

42. Trial and Execution
Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason and put him on trial
Charles defended himself and recognized the authority of Parliament to put him on trial
Charles sentences to death and executed January 30, 1649

43. England Under Cromwell
England’s gov’t becomes commonwealth and outlaws monarchy
Cromwell given title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland
Foreign Issues
Military expeditions to Scotland and Ireland
Economic policies led to war with Dutch over trade; also warred on Spain
Commonwealth, government based on common good of all people
As Lord Protector….
Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience
Clamped down on social life, closed theaters, limited other entertainment

44. A Defender of Absolutism
Question of rule
People troubled by constant turmoil in England
Thomas Hobbes fled to France during Cromwell’s rule
Hobbes wrote Leviathan
Leviathan
Hobbes described humans as naturally selfish
People need all-powerful monarch to tell them how to live
Views sparked controversy when England trying to find balance in government
Hobbes’s ideas reflected the fact that many people were unhappy under Cromwell, especially when he dismissed Parliament to rule alone—like a king
Attitudes were changing so much that a return to monarchy became possible

45. Thinking Question What were some effects of the English Civil War?
Answer(s): temporarily ended monarchy and House of Lords, restricted English social life in certain ways

46. Monarchy Returns The Restoration Charles II invited to be king
Cromwell dies, son replces but not a good leader
Parliament eventually votes to bring back monarchy
Charles II invited to be king
Had to agree to Parliament’s conditions

47. The Reign of Charles II
Has to address conflict with Dutch, religious tensions, role of Parliament
Supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen Church of England
(+) Charles reopened theaters
(+) Habeas Corpus Act passed
(-) bubonic plague returned followed by Great Fire of London
(+) After fire Charles supported public construction projects
Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone accused of a crime had right to appear in court to determine if should be held, released

48. James II Brother of Charles…CATHOLIC
James not popular - believed in right to rule as absolute monarch
Not tolerated by English
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary invited to become monarchs
Both Protestant
James fled to France

49. Changes in Government Bill of Rights Constitutional monarchy
William and Mary had to sign before taking throne
Prevented monarch from levying taxes without consent of Parliament
US Bill of Rights based on this document
Constitutional monarchy
Term for monarchy limited by law
England rejected conceot of absolute monarch who ruled by divine right, for monarch ruled by law

50. Thinking Questions What happened during the Glorious Revolution?
Answer(s): William and Mary were given the English throne by Parliament