1. The Great War
Chapter 16, Sections 1-4

2. The Great War Outline Road to War World War One The Russian Revolution
The 3 Isms of WWI
Alliances
Spark of the War
World War One
The War
The War
Entry of the US
The Russian Revolution
Revolution in Russia
Rise of Lenin
Russian Civil War
End of the War
Collapse of Germany
Wilson’s Proposal
Outcome of the War

3. The 3 Isms of WWI Imperialism Nationalism Militarism
The extension of a nation’s power over other lands
Caused rivalries between European powers
Nationalism
Pride in one’s nation
Unifications of Italy (1861) & Germany (1871)
Push for alliances with other similar nations
France losing land to Germany after Franco-Prussian War
Militarism
Government emphasizes large military
Rush in Europe to build large military
Conscription, or drafting, was a common practice in most countries

4. Failure of Alliances
Some thought alliances would bring peace, ended up causing competition
Began forming in 1800s
Triple Alliance (1882) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente (1907) – Britain, France, Russia
Countries begin feuding, competing with each other…tension builds
What kinds of dangers exist when combining alliances with Imperialism? Nationalism? Militarism?

5. Spark of the War
1914 – Serbia, a Russian ally, began a push for land in the Balkans
Austria-Hungary did not want that to happen
June 28, 1914 – Austrian prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand killed by Gavrilo Princip
Princip a member of Serbian group The Black Hand
Austria-Hungary gained support from Germany, declared war on Serbia July 28
Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary, begins mobilization, or assembling troops and supplies
Germany ordered a halt to Russian mobilization, declared war on Aug. 1, when Russia refused

6. The War –
Germany knows only a matter of time before France joins Russia
Triple Entente
Schlieffen Plan
Developed by German General Alfred von Schlieffen, presented to ruler Wilhelm II
Germany would invade France through neutral Belgium
Aug. 3, Germany declares war on France, orders Belgium to allow their troops to advance
Aug. 4, British prime minister Henry Asquith declares war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality

7. The War – 1914-1915 Cont’d Western Front Eastern Front
France, Britain vs Germany
France is able to stop Schlieffen Plan
Trench warfare slows the war many thought would end in weeks
Eastern Front
Russia vs Germany, Austria-Hungary
Late Aug., Russia is able to push into Germany…in weeks are pushed out
Austria-Hungary demolished by Russians
May 1915, Italy swaps to Triple Entente, now known as The Allies

8. The War – 1916-1917 How would you fight trench warfare?
Military leaders of the time were used to movement & maneuver
Fighting involved:
Constant barrage of bullets to “soften” enemy lines
Sending groups of soldiers across no man’s land to attack defenses
War of attrition – war based on wearing the other side down – ensues
Dangers of War
Trench foot
Shellshock

9. Stalemate

10. Soldiers at War

11. The War of Attrition New weapons of war New parties enter
U-Boats (1914)
Poison gas (1914)
War in the air (1914)
Tanks (1915)
New parties enter
Ottoman Empire (1914)
Italy (1915)
Bulgaria (1915)
Japan & Australia
Entente become Allies, Allied become Central Powers
War also spreads worldwide
Middle East
Britain Lawrence of Arabia leads Arabs in revolt against Ottoman Empire
Japan & Australia fight and conquer German colonies in Pacific

12. Entry of the US Sinking of Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
British passenger ship sunk by German U-Boat
1,198 people killed, 128 Americans
Zimmerman Telegram (January 16, 1917)
German telegram to Mexico
Offered previous Mexican lands back if they led an attack on US
Intercepted by British
U.S. enters war April 6, 1917
Total War, or the devotion of all resources to the war campaign, ensues in the United States
What will be impact at home?
Women, government powers, public opinion of war
What will be impact at war?
New soldiers, new attitudes

13. Exit Slip What was the basic idea behind the Schlieffen Plan?
Why was WWI considered a war of attrition?
Give one of the two reasons the US entered WWI.

14. Revolution in Russia Losing effort in war
2 million dead, 4-6 million wounded
Czar Nicholas II often left decisions up to his German-born wife, Alexandra
Influenced by Rasputin, a holy man who looked after the sick heir to the throne
Weak rulers, a poor economy, & military losses led to an uprising
Attempts to stop the uprising, like killing Rasputin, were too late
The March Revolution (1917)
Poor economy led to higher priced goods
3/8 – 10,000 women march to protest gov’t, Nicholas orders them stop or shot
Soldiers joined the demonstrators instead of stopping them
3/12 – Duma, or Russian legislative body meets, orders Nicholas to step down
3/15 – Nicholas steps down, ends Romanov dynasty
Government continues war, but groups of rebels rise in Russia…known as Soviets

15. Rise of Lenin
Bolsheviks were strongest Soviet group, led by Vladimir Lenin
Party representing workers’ rights, were against evils of capitalism
Thought violence was only answer to stop capitalism
Lenin pushed for overthrow of provisional gov’t
Wanted land distributed to people, committees running companies, and all gov’t transferred to Soviets

16. Russian Civil War
Lenin seized power in October of 1917 and ended the war with Germany in March 1918
Change name from Soviets to Communists
Gave up Eastern Poland, Finland, Ukraine, and Balkan lands
Civil War ensued ( )
Reds – Communist, Whites – were anti-Communist
Too little, too late, Communists win the war

17. Collapse of Germany Allies had an interesting 1917
Good – Americans join
Bad – Russians leave, Germans can now focus on Western front
March 1918 Germans focus all strength on West, are within 50 miles of Paris by April
Allied forces stop advance, push into Germany by September
September 18, 1918, Germany surrenders
Wilhelm II leaves the country in November
Armistice, or agreement to end fighting, is signed Nov. 11, 1918
Fighting would continue within Germany over who would control the country

18. Wilson’s Proposal Blame ultimately landed on Germany
Reps of the 27 victorious nations met in Paris to develop a peace settlement
President Woodrow Wilson cautioned punishing Germany too much
Wilson issues his Fourteen Points
Disarmament of all nations
End to “secret diplomacy”
Right for all people to have their own nations
Biggest point was League of Nations, or an organized group that would help prevent war through diplomacy
It is created, but without US presence, as Congress says “no”

19. Outcome of the War Paris Peace Conference
David Lloyd George (GB), Georges Clemanceau (Fra), Vittorio Orlando (Italy) & Woodrow Wilson (US) lead talks
GB, Italy, & France want to make Germany pay for war
Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
Signed in Palace of Versailles in France
Declared Germany responsible for war, had to pay $63 billion ($768 billion today)
100,000 man army, cut back on navy, eliminate air force
Lands of Alsace and Lorraine given to French
The Rhine (German border to France) demilitarized
Legacy of War
New map of Europe
10 million people dead
How will Germans feel? How could this impact WWII?